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The amounts of CO 2 that are absorbed and emitted by forest in a model stand area were determined using two calculation methods, namely the flow approach and the stock approach for emission trading, to understand the relationships between the cutting age for the highest profit rate (CAHPR; optimum tree ages to be cut so as to maximize the profit) and (1) the prices of CO 2 and (2) the balance between CO 2 emission and absorption. The resultant CAHPR differed between these two CO 2 accounting methods, which give different tree ages for maximum log volume yield. A rise in CO 2 price caused the CAHPR to approach the tree age of maximum log volume in the flow approach method, and to deviate from the tree age of maximum log volume in the stock approach method. Even at the same CO 2 price, the CAHPR differed between the CO 2 accounting methods. At low CO 2 prices, the CAHPR did not affect situations where the difference of average profit is large by cutting age. On the other hand, the CAHPR was greatly affected at low CO 2 prices when the mean log volume growth changed with tree age. These trends were found to be universal.

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For the purposes of biodiversity conservation and wildlife management it is becoming increasingly important to monitor mammals in urban environments as well as protected areas. While previous studies suggested road kill records collected by local governments as useful information sources to monitor urban wildlife populations, it is essential that the utility of road kill records are evaluated. In this study, we focused on the characteristics of road kill records' locations with its surrounding land use and roads, and compared its output with existing research. We found through the analysis of 997 mammalian road kill records of 10 species, that they were most commonly located at the vicinity of multiple-laned busy roads. Furthermore, road kill density distribution trends did not differ greatly between forested, agricultural or urban areas, with the majority in close proximity to each land use type. Our findings show that local government road kill records agree more with existing wildlife research results than citizen-reporting bias. We conclude the utility of road kill records are sufficient to monitor mammals in urban setups.