Four species of the fish genus Pempheris are recognized for the Red Sea: P. adusta Bleeker, 1877; P. mangula Cuvier, 1829; P. nesogallica Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831; and a new species P. tominagai. All are wide-ranging in the western Indian Ocean, and P. mangula has migrated via the Suez Canal to the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Morphological and genetic analysis of 15 species in this genus show that P. adusta, a widely distributed species, that can't be divided into different species, because of the continuity of morphologies and distribution, and lack of variance in genetics between Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Pacific Ocean populations. This confirms that the two subspecies described by Randall et al. (2013) are both synonyms of P. adusta. Pempheris adusta is distinguished from other species by a blackish spot on pectoral fin base, pored lateral-line scales 56-64, scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2-6 1/2, distinct blackish band on outer edge of anal fin, and blackish band on posterior edge of caudal fin. Pempheris mangula was named by Cuvier (1829) in a footnote making reference to a drawing and short description in Russell (1803) of a Pempheris from southeast India, giving only the native name ''Mangula-Kutti'', and listing no specimen. The wide distribution of this species, from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea is also demonstrated by morphological and genetic analysis. Thus, the specimen collected from southern India is herein designated as the neotype. This species is distinguished from other species by its huge eye, deep body, blackish tip of the dorsal fin, pored lateral-line scales 49-60, and scale rows above lateral line 4 1/2-5 1/2. The extant syntype of Kossmann & Räuber's P. rhomboidea is designated as the lectotype of the species; however, P. rhomboidea is a synonym of P. mangula. In addition, Kossmann & Räuber's Pempheris erythraea and P. russellii Day, 1888 are also synonyms of P. mangula. Of two existing syntypes of P. nesogallica from Mauritius, one is designated as the lectotype, the other is re-identified as P. mangula; P. nesogallica is presently known only from the southern Red Sea. This species has a similar morphology to P. mangula, but can be distinguished by a smaller eye than P. mangula, and lack irregular faint longitudinal light stripes on the body side. Pempheris tominagai are distinguished from P. schwenkii Bleeker 1855, formerly misidentified, by the form of posterior nostril, scale counts, color of caudal fin, and by a 2.1% mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence.

Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov. is described based on 10 specimens, 143.9-196.8 mm in standard length, collected from Mi-nami Daito Island and Ogasawara Islands, which are oceanic islands of Japan. Pempheris ufuagari is characterized by a distinct black spot on the pectoral fin base, a bright yellow dorsal and caudal fin, and a blackish band on the outer margin of the anal fin. Pempheris oualensis also has a large body and a distinct black spot on the pectoral fin base, and forms mixed schools with P. ufuagari, but can be distinguished by the different fin coloration (dorsal and caudal fin brown or pale; no blackish band on anal fin margin), and the presence of a villiform tooth band extending outside the lips. Although P. otaitensis, which is found in French Polynesia and Samoa, has similar coloration as P. ufuagari, the latter has lower scale counts than those of the former species: pored lateral-line scales 62-71 (vs. 70-79); scale rows above lateral line 6 1/2-7 1/2 (vs. 8 1/2); predorsal scales 37-43 (vs. 44-48).

Island, and Iriomote Island, respec tively (Koeda et al., 2010a;Koeda et al., 2010b;Koeda et al., 2013a). Addi tionally, another unknown Pempheris species (Fig. 1) named ''Ryukyu hatampo'' in Japanese was recorded inOkinawan water. This species was reidentified to be P.adusta Bleeker, 1877 in our recent advanced research, and clearly distinguished from other Pempherid species by its number of pored lateral-line scales (54-62), scale rows ErrataReproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris adusta (Pempheridae) in Okinawa Island, Japan

To clarify the life cycles of two species of genus Pempheris around Okinawa-jima Island, age and growth were examined using sectioned otolith. Monthly changes in the appearance frequency of an opaque ring on the outer margin of the sagittal otolith indicated that ring formation occurred once a year from April to June in both species. Ages were determined based on the number of opaque rings on the sectioned otolith, and the maximum ages observed for Pempheris schwenkii and Pempheris adusta were 6 and 16 years, respectively. Females had a longer life span than males in both species. The von Bertalanffy growth equations for both species did not differ between males and females, and were calculated as follows: P. schwenkii: L t = 111.2 {1 -exp [-1.53 (t ? 0.08)]}; P. adusta: L t = 138.8 {1 -exp [-0.84 (t ? 0.08)]}. No differences were seen in the growth of both species until 2 years old; however, at that point, the growth of P. schwenkii stagnated, whereas P. adusta continued to grow for three years. These data show that P. adusta and P. schwenkii inhabit the same environment and have similar morphologies, but different life cycle characteristics.