S U M M A R YW e propose a new method for the simultaneous measurement of P -and S-wave attentuation by extending the conventional coda-normalization method which had been limited to the estimation of S-wave attenuation. Using this method, we measured frequency-dependent attenuation of both P a n d S waves in the lithosphere beneath the Kanto area, Japan, from seismograms of 174 local earthquakes for the frequency range 1.5 5 f 5 24 Hz. T h e values of Q;' and Q;' corresponding t o peak amplitude decays show strong frequency dependence, a n d are expressed by using power laws Q,' = 0.012f-')73 and Qp' = 0.031f~0Y5, respectively. T h e ratio Qp'/Q.;' is found t o be larger than unity for the whole frequency range. The apparent attenuations of P and S waves with travel distance are almost the same for frequencies higher than 1 Hz. Our results differ from the characteristics of low-frequency wave attenuation reported by other studies for frequencies lower than 1 Hz. This frequency dependence and the ratio may suggest that scattering loss due t o random heterogeneities in the earth medium plays an important role in seismic-wave attenuation in the lithosphere.

Our improved CRISPR-Cas9-based photoactivatable transcription systems, CPTS2.0 and Split-CPTS2.0, enable high blue-light-inducible activation of endogenous target genes in various human cell lines. We achieved reversible activation of target genes with CPTS2.0 and induced neuronal differentiation in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by upregulating NEUROD1 with Split-CPTS2.0.

In this review, we introduce two kinds of bio-related nanoarchitectonics, DNA nanoarchitectonics and cellmacromolecular nanoarchitectonics, both of which are basically controlled by chemical strategies. The former DNA-based approach would represent the precise nature of the nanoarchitectonics based on the strict or "digital" molecular recognition between nucleic bases. This part includes functionalization of single DNAs by chemical means, modification of the main-chain or side-chain bases to achieve stronger DNA binding, DNA aptamers and DNAzymes. It also includes programmable assemblies of DNAs (DNA Origami) and their applications for delivery of drugs to target sites in vivo, sensing in vivo, and selective labeling of biomaterials in cells and in animals. In contrast to the digital molecular recognition between nucleic bases, cell membrane assemblies and their interaction with macromolecules are achieved through rather generic and "analog" interactions such as hydrophobic effects and electrostatic forces. This cell-macromolecular nanoarchitectonics is discussed in the latter part of this review. This part includes bottom-up and top-down approaches for constructing highly organized cell-architectures with macromolecules, for regulating cell adhesion pattern and their functions in twodimension, for generating three-dimensional cell architectures on micro-patterned surfaces, and for building synthetic/natural macromolecular modified hybrid biointerfaces.

Nucleobase recognition in water is successfully achieved by the use of an abasic site (AP site) as the molecular recognition field. We intentionally construct the AP site in DNA duplex so as to orient the AP site toward a target nucleobase and examine the complexation of 2-amino-7-methylnaphthyridine (AMND) with nucleobases at the AP site. AMND is found to selectively bind to cytosine (C) base with a 1:1 binding constant of >106 M-1, accompanied by remarkable quenching of its fluorescence. In addition to hydrogen bonding, a stacking interaction with nucleobases flanking the AP site seems responsible for the binding properties of AMND at the AP site. Possible use of AMND is also presented for selective and visible detection of a single-base alternation related to the cytosine base.