This essay discusses some of the issues involved in the identification and predictions of hydrological models given some calibration data. The reasons for the incompleteness of traditional calibration methods are discussed. The argument is made that the potential for multiple acceptable models as representations of hydrological and other environmental systems (the equifinality thesis) should be given more serious consideration than hitherto. It proposes some techniques for an extended GLUE methodology to make it more rigorous and outlines some of the research issues still to be resolved.
This paper reviews the importance of large continuous openings (macropores) on water flow in soils. The presence of macropores may lead to spatial concentrations of water flow through unsaturated soil that will not be described well by a Darcy approach to flow through porous media. This has important implications for the rapid movement ot:• solutes and pollutants through soils. Difficulties in defining what constitutes a macropore and the limitations of current nomenclature are reviewed. The influence of macropores on infiltration and subsurface storm flow is discussed on the basis of both experimental evidence and theoretical studies. The limitations of models that treat macropores and matrix porosity as separate flow domains is stressed. Little-understood areas are discussed as promising lines for future research. In particular, there is a need for a coherent theory of flow through structured soils that would make the macropore domain concept redundant.
Potential, Diameter, kPa tamNelson and Baver [1940] >-3.0
Abstract.A hydrological forecasting model is presented that attempts to combine the important distributed effects of channel network topology and dynamic contributing areas with the advantages of simple lumped parameter basin models. Quick response flow is predicted from a storage/contributing area relationship derived analytically from the topographic structure of a unit within a basin. Average soil water response is represented by a constant leakage infiltration store and an exponential subsurface water store. A simple non-linear routing procedure related to the link frequency distribution of the channel network completes the model and allows distinct basin sub-units, such as headwater and sideslope areas to be modelled separately. The model parameters are physically based in the sense that they may be determined directly by measurement and the model may be used at ungauged sites. Procedures for applying the model and tests with data from the Crimple Beck basin are described. Using only measured and estimated parameter values, without optimization, the model makes satisfactory predictions of basin response. The modular form of the model structure should allow application over a range of small and medium sized basins while retaining the possibility of including more complex model components when suitable data are available.Un modèle à base physique de zone d'appel variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant Résumé. On présente un modèle pour la prévision hydrologique ce qui essaie de combiner les effets significatifs de la topologie du réseau des cours et les zones d'appel dynamiques aux avantages des modèles simples de bassin à paramètres composés. L'écoulement à réponse rapide est prévu d'un rapport stockage/zone d'appel qu'on trouve pour analyse de la structure topographique d'un groupe à travers un bassin. La réponse moyenne de l'eau du sol est représentée par un emmagasinement constant d'infiltration par écoulement et un emagasinement exponentiel de l'eau souterraine. On complète le modèle en utilisant un processus simple du cheminement non linéaire ayant rapport à la répartition fréquence de connexion du réseau des cours ce qui permet de modeler séparément des sous-groupes du bassin versant bien distincts, comme par exemple les zones des cours supérieurs et des pentes latérales. Les paramètres du modèle sont à base-physique au sens qu'on peut les déterminer directement en utilisant des mesures, et on peut se servir du modèle aux explacements pas jaugés. On décrit des processus pour l'application du modèle et pour des tests aux données du bassin versant de Crimple Beck. En utilisant des valeurs mesurées et estimées des paramètres seulement, sans optimisation, le modèle donne des estimations assez bonnes de la réponse du bassin. La forme modulaire de la structure du modèle devrait faciliter l'application tout à travers une gamme des basins, petits ou de grandeur moyenne, tout en retenant la possibilité d'y incorporer des composants de modèle plus complexes quand on dispose des données convenables.
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