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A hitherto unpublished historical dataset of the Breede River estuary, Western Cape, South Africa, that was collected in the summer season of 1983 is presented. Bathymetric, physiographic, and sedimentological data were collected at 1–1.5-km intervals between the mouth and the Malgas ferry crossing at km 35. The remaining estuary up to km 52 was not surveyed. Sedimentologically, the estuary could be divided into a lower marine sand reach (mouth to km 5), a mixed sand/mud reach (km 5–18.5), and a fluvial sand reach upstream of km 18.5. Hydrological data were collected at three midstream anchor stations (mouth, km 14.5, and km 24) which were occupied for complete tidal cycles. Five parameters were recorded: tidal elevation, current velocity, salinity, temperature, and light transmittance. Pronounced velocity asymmetries of the tides were revealed by phase delays between the times of low (high) water and corresponding slack water (turn of the tide), as well as considerable up-estuary delays in the occurrence of high and low tides. The mode of tidal wave propagation was synchronic (constant height) up to a distance of ~23 km at spring high tide and ~13 km at neap high tide, from where it proceeded in hyposynchronic mode (progressive decrease in height). Peak surface velocities reached 1.5 m/s at Station 1 (mouth), 0.6 m/s at Station 2 (km 14), and 0.45 m/s at Station 3 (km 24). The marine sand reach and parts of the mixed sand/mud and fluvial sand reaches were distinctly flood dominated as revealed by the orientation of bedforms. Salt water intrusion reached up to km 25, where river background levels were reached. Suspended sediment concentrations (turbidity) varied from 55–85 mg/l at the mouth, 65–200 mg/l in the mixed sand/mud reach, and 55–85 mg/l in the fluvial sand reach. At the time of observation, the Breede River estuary was in a well-mixed hydrological state. The fluvial sand reach displayed numerous, up to 18-m-deep scour pools. Grain-size distributions revealed distinct differences between the individual estuary sections, the sand/mud, and marine sand reaches, in particular, being characterized by up to four, mostly mixed hydraulic populations. Offshore seismic profiles suggest that the Duiwenhoks River, located 14 km to the east of the Breede mouth, was a tributary of the latter during Pleistocene sea-level lowstands. From a global perspective, the Breede River estuary conforms physically to typical small estuaries that are only marginally impacted by human interferences.

The study deals with a large sand body (spit-bar) attached to the eastern tip of the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. To date, the bar has prograded about 8 km beyond the tip of the peninsula. The bar top is predominantly composed of medium sand, the upper slope of fine sand, and the lower slope of fine muddy sand. Stratigraphically, the sedimentology thus documents an upward coarsening, calcareous quartz-arenitic depositional sequence. The spit-bar as a whole forms the eastern end of a sediment compartment that is clearly distinguishable from neighbouring compartments on the basis of its geomorphology, the textural characteristics of the sediment, and the distribution of sediment thicknesses. Aeolian overpass across the peninsula appears to have formed a fan-like sand deposit in its rear, which is perched upon the upper shoreface of the bay as suggested by the bathymetry to the north of the peninsula. It forms an integral part of the sediment body defining the spit-bar. The estimated volume of sand stored in the spit-bar amounts to 5.815 km3, of which 0.22 km3 is contributed by the aeolian overpass sand. The sediment sources of the spit-bar are located up to 100 km to the west, where a number of small rivers supply limited amounts of sediment to the sea and numerous coastal aeolianite ridges in the Wilderness embayment have been subject to erosion after becoming drowned in the course of the postglacial sea-level rise since about 12 ky BP. By contrast, the sediment volume in the adjacent compartment B to the north (Plettenberg Bay), which has been supplied by local rivers, amounts to only 0.127 km3. In a geological context, large sand bodies such as the Robberg spit-bar are excellent exploration models for hydrocarbons (oil and gas).

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