Adenosine is a potent vasodilator used extensively to study the coronary circulation of animals. Its use in humans, however, has been hampered by lack of knowledge about its effects on the human coronary circulation and by concern about its safety. We investigated in humans the effects of adenosine, administered by intracoronary bolus (2-16 jig), intracoronary infusion (10-240 ,ug/min), or intravenous infusion (35-140 pg/kg/min) on coronary and systemic hemodynamics and the electrocardiogram. Coronary blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured with a 3F coronary Doppler catheter. The maximal CBFV was determined with intracoronary papaverine (4.5±0.2. resting CBFV). In normal left coronary arteries (n=20), 16-pg boluses of adenosine caused coronary hyperemia similar to that caused by papaverine (4.6±0.7 * resting CBFV). In the right coronary artery (n=5), 12-,ug boluses caused maximal hyperemia (4.4± 1.0 * resting CBFV). Intracoronary boluses caused a small, brief decrease in arterial pressure (similar to that caused by papaverine) and no changes in heart rate or in the electrocardiogram. The duration of hyperemia was much shorter after adenosine than after papaverine administration. Intracoronary infusions of 80 ,g/min or more into the left coronary artery (n=6) also caused maximal hyperemia (4.4±0.1. resting CBFV), and doses up to 240 pg/min caused a minimal decrease in arterial pressure (-6±2 mm Hg) and no significant change in heart rate or in electrocardiographic variables. Intravenous infusions in normal patients (n=25) at 140 ,ug/kg/min caused coronary vasodilation similar to that caused by papaverine in 84% of patients (4.4±0.9 -resting CBFV). At submaximal infusion rates, however, CBFV often fluctuated widely. During the 140-,ug/kg/min infusion, arterial pressure decreased 6±7 mm Hg, and heart rate increased 24± 14 beats/min. One patient developed 1 cycle of 2:1 atrioventricular block, but otherwise, the electrocardiogram did not change. In eight patients with microvascular vasodilator dysfunction (ACBFV, <3.5 peak/resting velocity after a maximally vasodilating dose of intracoronary papaverine), the dose-response characteristics to intracoronary boluses and intravenous infusions of adenosine were similar to those found in normal patients. These studies suggest that maximal coronary vasodilation can be achieved safely with intracoronary adenosine administration and that intravenous infusions at a rate of 140 ,ug/kg/min cause near-maximal coronary hyperemia in most patients. (Circulation 1990;82:1595-1606 M aany studies of the coronary circulation require the use of drugs that can safely and reliably produce maximal coronary hyperemia of brief duration (for example, for measurement of coronary flow reserve, thallium-201 scintigraphy, and echocardiographic imaging).1-6 An ideal agent for these studies would cause maximal

This feasibility study demonstrates that this new self-centering atrial septal defect closure device has a number of design features that permit effective and safe closures in a canine model. These results support the investigation of this device in human clinical trials.

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