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A PreciseExperimental Elucidation of the Apparent VerticalThe existence of intrinsic vertical effects of spinning gyroscopes was examined systematically from the viewpoint of precise measurement, using three types of gyroscopes with largely different characteristics.The most precise weighing techniques, such as a reference tare system and various countermeasures, were applied. Slight and symmetrial mass changes observed in the experiment were explained as the parasitic effect of the balance due to the torque of the spinning gyroscopes, utilizing the attenuation constant change under atmospheric conditions. Consequently, the intrinsic vertical effects were found to be virtually zero in this experiment, and even if existent, were estimated to be neither greater than +0.7mg

To make the measurement with high accuracy by a two knife-edge direct reading balance, its built-in weights must be calibrated at reasonable interval. But the usual calibration of built-in weights needs a number of highly accurate standard weights corresponding to its built-in weights or requires complicated procedures both in measurements and calculation depending on different combinations of the built-in weights of the respective types of balances.We have developed a calibration method of direct reading balance based on built-in weights by means of the difference equation of 1st order. This method can be commonly applicable to all types of the direct reading balances, independently on the combination of the weights. Its main features are:(a) The relative calibration of the weights can be easily made by using a difference weight of unknown mass and a set of rough weights at every figure of the balance indication. For the absolute calibration, only one standard weight is needed.(b) The precision of the calibration is estimated within 1.6 times the repeatability of measurements at one figure of the indications.(c) The calculation for this calibration is quite simple.

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