160 000 peptides displayed on phage were subjected to the Wittig reaction with a biotinylated ylide. Deep-sequencing estimated the conversion rate for each sequence and unveiled the relationship between sequences and the rate of the Wittig reaction.

The Wittig reaction can be used for late stage functionalization of proteins and peptides to ligate glycans, pharmacophores, and many other functionalities. In this manuscript, we modified 160,000 N-terminal glyoxaldehyde peptides displayed on phage with the Wittig reaction by biotin labeled ylide under conditions that functionalize only 1% of the library population. Deep-sequencing of the biotinylated and input populations estimated the rate of conversion for each sequence. This “deep conversion” (DC) from deep sequencing correlates with rate constants measured by HPLC. Peptide sequences with fast and slow reactivity highlighted a critical role of primary backbone amides (N-H) in accelerating the rate of the aqueous Wittig reaction. Experimental measurement of reaction rates and density functional theory (DFT) computation of the transition state geometries corroborated this relationship. We also collected deep-sequencing data to build structure activity relationship (SAR) models that can predict DC value of the Wittig reaction. By using this data, we trained two classifier models based on Gradient Boosted trees. These classifiers achieved area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve (ROC AUC) of 81.2 ± 0.4 and 73.7 ± 0.8 (90–92% accuracy) in determining whether a sequence belonged to the top 5% or the bottom 5% in terms of its reactivity. We have deployed our learned models as a publicly available web app: <a href="http://44.226.164.95/">http://44.226.164.95/</a> We anticipate that phage-displayed peptides and related mRNA or DNA-displayed substrates can be employed in a similar fashion to study the substrate scope and mechanisms of many other chemical reactions.