Bee surveys bring valuable information regarding species distribution, phenology, and their interactions with host plants, and thus are important to bee conservation, especially in the present scenario of drastic declines reported worldwide. The Brazilian bee fauna has been surveyed intensively since the late 1960s, but the state-of-the-art of this research topic has not been explored in detail. Our main goal is to analyze the scientific literature through a systematic review of Brazilian bee surveys, describing (i) spatial sampling gaps; (ii) preferred sampling frequency and methods; (iii) species identification and vouchering practices; (iv) gender participation; and (v) how the studies are distributed among scientific journals. Our review includes 213 published studies, of which half targeted the entire bee fauna (Apoidea: Apidae sensu lato) while the other half targeted the orchid bees (Euglossini). Sampling sites are predominant in eastern Brazil, particularly within the Atlantic Forest. Hand netting bees for 1 year long was the most frequent sampling protocol to capture bees. Taxonomic identification and voucher deposition practices were mentioned in most of the papers. Men and women published almost the same number of papers, but women were less frequent as lead or senior authors and appeared less as prolific researchers. Most papers were published in a few Brazilian journals. We highlight that surveys in understudied areas are needed, especially in Amazon. Monitoring bees in previously surveyed locations is also encouraged to investigate temporal changes in bee assemblages, such as population declines, impacts of land-use changes, and effects of climate change.
RESUMO Este artigo trata das práticas curatoriais adotadas na seção de entomologia do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, apresenta uma breve introdução sobre sua origem, a formação dos museus de história natural, os paradigmas adotados pela curadoria desde a formação do acervo, bem como os desafios para manter e disponibilizar as coleções no cenário atual de carência de técnicos e pesquisadores, inadequação de infraestrutura, diminuição do investimento em ciência e tecnologia e crescente aporte de material biológico para instituições oficiais feito por fontes externas ao museu.
ABSTRACT. Plasticity of abdominal tegumentar glands in Monoeca xanthopygaHarter-Marques, Cunha & Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini). Tegumentar glands are highly known in social bees and are responsible for a diversity of functions in these insects. However, little is known about these glands in solitary bees. Monoeca xanthopyga is a solitary bee species that shows a singular behavior of mating and nesting. This study is to verify the occurrence of abdominal tegumentar glands and the chemical nature of the products secreted by males and females of M. xanthopyga, at two moments of the vital cycle: just emerged and at the nesting period. The material was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. Males and females just emerged and at nesting period show tegumentar glands on terga III to VII, however differ on the type and location. On sterna of a just emerged female tegumentar glands were not detected, while those in nesting period present glands at sterna IV to VI. In males, the tegumentar glands show on sterna IV to VI. The histochemical analysis of the tegumentar glands of males and females suggest predominance of lipid-nature products, possibly involved in the communication related to the sexual behavior. KEYWORDS.Histology; solitary bee; tegumentar glands. RESUMO.Glândulas tegumentares são amplamente conhecidas em abelhas sociais e responsáveis por diversas funções nestes insetos. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre estas glândulas em abelhas solitárias. Monoeca xanthopyga é uma espécie de abelha solitária que exibe comportamento peculiar nas estratégias de acasalamento e no processo de nidificação. Este estudo visa verificar a ocorrência de glândulas tegumentares abdominais e a natureza química de produtos secretados por machos e fêmeas de M. xanthopyga, em dois momentos do ciclo vital: recém-emergidas e em período de nidificação. O material foi estudado utilizando-se microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e histoquímica. Machos e fêmeas recém-emergidas e em período de nidificação apresentam glândulas tegumentares nos tergos III ao VII, entretanto diferem no tipo e na localização. Nos esternos de fêmeas recém-emergidas, as glândulas estão ausentes, já nas fêmeas em período de nidificação estas glândulas estão presentes nos esternos IV ao VI. Nos machos, as glândulas tegumentares estão presentes nos esternos IV ao VI. A análise histoquímica das glândulas tegumentares de machos e fêmeas sugere a presença de produtos de natureza lipídica, possivelmente envolvidos na comunicação relacionada ao comportamento sexual. PALAVRAS-CHAVE.Abelhas solitárias; glândulas tegumentares; histologia.
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