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Brazil has great potential to produce unconventional reservoirs. However, the demand for water resources for the exploration of these reservoirs is also great and may even make the development of projects unfeasible if water management is not properly carried out. In this context, this article aims to analyze the relationship of hydraulic fracturing with the water resources of the Paraná Basin, as well as to identify the environmental liabilities in this basin. To this end, a vast bibliographic review was carried out and a survey of the history of environmental liabilities in the states of São Paulo and Paraná was carried out, as well as an analysis of the Brazilian legislation on hydraulic fracturing and other countries. It can be concluded that to minimize the impact of fracking activities on water resources, it is necessary to establish clear, objective rules that are easy to follow by the authorities to ensure their development in suitable regions.