No abstract

Chemical interesterification of different lipid materials has considerable potential for the production of a wide variety of special fats with improved functional and nutritional properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical interesterification of blends of high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) in the ratios (% w/w) of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. The blends were characterized in triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content and crystallization behavior, and some applications in food products were suggested. The interesterification altered the solid fat content, melting point and crystallization isotherm of the samples, after the levels of trisaturated triacylglycerols decreased and disaturated–monounsaturated and monosaturated–diunsaturated triacylglycerol contents increased, due to the randomization of fatty acids. The modification in the triacylglycerol composition promoted greater miscibility between the HOSO and FHPO fractions, creating new application possibilities for the food industry.

O pão é o produto obtido pela cocção, em condições tecnologicamente adequadas, de uma massa fermentada, ou não, preparada com farinha de trigo e/ou outras farinhas que contenham naturalmente proteínas formadoras de glúten ou adicionadas das mesmas e água, podendo também conter outros ingredientes. A classificação "pão de forma" é atribuída ao produto obtido pela cocção da massa em formas, apresentando miolo elástico e homogêneo, com poros finos e casca fina e macia (BRASIL, 2006). Vários tipos de fibras podem ser acrescentados aos produtos de panificação, na forma de farinhas integrais de sementes (trigo, aveia, centeio, milho, soja, aveia, cevada, girassol, linhaça, arroz e sorgo) ou fibras isoladas de frutas e outros vegetais (maçã, pêra e uva). Além do aspecto nutricional, as fibras apresentam, em sua maioria, custo baixo e são facilmente encontradas comercialmente (POMERANZ, 1987). De acordo com Stauffer (1990), existem duas razões para se adicionar fibras em pães, sendo a AbstractIn this work, the application of lipase and monoglyceride in fiber enriched pan bread was studied, to verify the possibility of substituting the emulsifier by the enzyme. Initially, the main raw materials (flour and wheat bran) were characterized. The pan breads were produced using the straight dough method. A central composite rotational design was used, with two independent variables: i) lipase dosage; and ii) monoglyceride dosage and, in parallel, a control test was carried out (without the addition of lipase and monoglyceride) for comparison. The dependent variables or responses were the quality characteristics of the breads: i) specific volume; ii) sensory acceptance (appearance, texture, aroma and taste); and iii) shelf life evaluated by crumb moisture and firmness after one, four and seven days from baking. Within the ranges studied, it was possible to verify that only crumb moisture on the fourth and seventh days after processing was influenced by the variation of the lipase and monoglyceride dosages. In the sensory evaluation, it was observed that the average scores attributed to the control breads were lower than the lowest average of the experimental design trials, except for taste and aroma. As it was not possible to obtain mathematical models for all the responses, Assays 5 (1% monoglyceride), 7 (25 ppm lipase) and 9 (25 ppm lipase and 1% monoglyceride) of the experimental design, and the control test, were selected for the evaluation of the results by analysis of variance. In the conditions used and for the dosages of lipase (0 to 50 ppm) and monoglyceride (0 to 2%) used, the possibility to substitute monoglyceride by lipase in fiber enriched pan bread was verified. Keywords: pan bread; lipase; monoglyceride; fibers. ResumoNeste trabalho, estudou-se a aplicação da enzima lipase e do emulsificante monoglicerídeo em pão de forma enriquecido com fibras, com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de substituição do emulsificante pela enzima. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização das matérias-primas principais (far...

The formulation of products with low levels of saturated and trans fatty acids is a new challenge for industries, and alternative raw materials have been studied. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used for this process. The objective of the present study was to formulate blends, with the help of an ANN, using soybean-based interesterified fats for the production of a zero trans fat margarine similar to a margarine produced using a specific commercial fat. The software was trained with three raw materials to generate formulations with a solid fat content (SFC) and a melting point (MP) similar to specific commercial fats. The SFC, MP, fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition were determined for all ANN blends and commercial fats. Margarines were produced in a pilot plant and evaluated for consistency and stability under temperature cyclization. The ANN showed efficiency in to predict SFC and MP of the suggested formulations, although there were differences at low temperatures for the desired SFC. Differences in the consistency of the commercial fats and ANN blends were observed; however, the margarines produced in the pilot plant had a similar consistency. The margarine prepared with ANN formulation had a higher emulsion stability. Overall, the margarine produced with ANN formulation had characteristics very similar to margarine produced with the commercial fat, and the margarine with soybean-based fat contained reduced saturated and trans fat levels.

La formulación de productos con bajos niveles de ácidos grasos trans y saturados es el nuevo desafío para la indutria grasa, y nuevas materias primas alternativas están siendo estudiadas. Las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) están siendo usadas para este proceso. El objectivo de este estudio fue formular mezclas para margarinas con la ayuda de una RNA, usando grasas interesterificadas de soja para producir margarinas cero trans con funcionalidad similar a las margarinas producidas comercialmente. El software fue entrenado con tres materias primas distintas para generar formulaciones con contenido de grasa solida (CGS) y punto de fusión (PF) similar al de grasas comerciales específicas. El CGS, PF, la composición en ácidos grasos y triglicéridos fueron determinadas para todas las formulaciones de la RNA y de las grasas comerciales. Las margarinas fueron producidas en planta piloto y se evaluó la consistencia y estabilidad por ciclización de temperatura. La RNA fue eficiente en predecir los CGS y PF de las fomulaciones sugeridas por ella, aunque hubo diferencias a bajas temperaturas para el CGS deseado. Se observaron diferencias en consistencia entre las grasas comerciales y mezclas de la RNA, sin embargo, las margarinas producidas en planta piloto mostraron una consistencia similar. La margarina producida con la formulación de la RNA presentó mayor estabilidad de emulsión. En general, la margarina producida con la formulación de la RNA tiene características muy similares a la margarina preparada con la grasa come...

Dietary fiber is an important component to improve the nutritional appeal of meat products, and it could be obtained from by-products of the citrus industry. Considering that orange albedo was not sufficiently addressed in meat products, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of the orange albedo flour as an animal fat substitute in beef burgers. Five formulations were developed with different substitutions of pork fat by the orange albedo flour (0; 25; 50; 75; and 100%). The analyses carried out were the proximal composition of orange albedo flour and beef burgers and the cooking yield, shrinkage, pH, color, sensory acceptance, and purchase intent of the beef burgers. The results showed that the percentage of lipids was reduced by up to 70%, however, the yield parameters were negatively affected by the inclusion of the orange albedo flour: the higher the amount of flour added, lower was the water retention capacity and higher was the shrinkage rate. Concerning sensory analysis, the formulations that pork back fat was substituted by 25 and 50% of orange albedo flour were the most acceptable for all sensory attributes and purchase intention, characterizing themselves as viable alternatives both of the nutritional and sensory aspects.