Patient initial medical care, age and sex, neurological and medical complications and environmental/socio-economic factors should be considered in the decision-making process for discharge destination.

Based on the results of this review, central hyperexcitability might be present in in several pediatric chronic pain conditions. Further research on other manifestations of central hyperexcitability (e.g., bottom-up and top-down mechanisms and nociceptive brain changes) is necessary to provide firm evidence about its presence in children with chronic pain.

Proper education of parents in toilet training and readiness signs could reduce the uncertainties that exist. In that way, toilet training could be carried out more efficiently and at the right time for the child.

• Arousal was detected in less than 60 % of all preterm micturitions, while it was present in more than 90 % of the micturitions of healthy "term" infants. • Voided volume, bladder capacity, and flow rate tend to increase with age. In contrast, voiding frequency, post-void residual urine, and interrupted voiding diminishes with an increasing age.

No abstract