White adipose tissue (WAT) is a critical organ in both health and disease. However, physiologically faithful tissue culture models of primary human WAT remain limited, at best. In this study we describe a novel WAT culture system in which primary human WAT is sandwiched between tissue-engineered sheets of adipose-derived stromal cells. This construct, called "sandwiched white adipose tissue" (SWAT), can be defined as a microphysiological system (MPS) since it is a tissue-engineered, multicellular, three-dimensional organ construct produced using human cells. We validated SWAT against the National Institutes of Health MPS standards and found that SWAT is viable in culture for 8 weeks, retains physiologic responses to exogenous signaling, secretes adipokines, and engrafts into animal models. These attributes position SWAT as a powerful tool for the study of WAT physiology, pathophysiology, personalized medicine, and pharmaceutical development.

Background: LetibotulinumtoxinA (LeBA; Hugel Inc.) is a novel botulinum toxin derived from the Clostridium botulinum strain CBFC26. It is marketed as Botulax with cosmetic and neuromuscular indications.Materials and Methods: This review article summarizes the current literature regarding the key efficacy and safety studies regarding LeBA. It also highlights unique features of LeBA regarding its physical properties, onset with use, duration of effect, and immunogenicity.Results: LeBA's cosmetic use shows efficacy in decreasing glabellar lines and crow's feet. It has also shown efficacy in treating post‐stroke upper limb spasticity, blepharospasm, and dynamic equinus foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy.Discussion: LeBA is a novel BoNT type A that is currently indicated for treatment of both neuromuscular disease and for cosemetic purposes. LeBA has displayed equivocal efficacy and a similar safety profile when compared to other botulinum neurotoxin preparations.