Macrophages and neutrophils are key components involved in the regulation of numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, infectious disorders, and especially certain autoimmune disease. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these cells to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Recent studies have aimed to clarify certain important factors affecting the immunogenicity of these cells, including the type and dose of antigen, the microenvironment of the cell-antigen encounter, and the number, subset, and phenotype of these cells, which can prevent or induce autoimmune responses. This review highlights the role of macrophage subsets and neutrophils in injured tissues, supporting their cooperation during the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases.

Sepsis is one of the main causes of ICU hospitalization worldwide, with a high mortality rate, and is associated with a large number of comorbidities. One of the main comorbidities associated with sepsis is septic cardiomyopathy. This process occurs mainly due to mechanisms of damage in the cardiovascular system that will lead to changes in cardiovascular physiology, such as decreased Ca response, mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased β-adrenergic receptor response. Within this process the exosomes play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease, in which the exosomal content is related to mechanisms that will trigger its development. After platelet activation through ROS exposition, exosomes containing high concentrations of NADPH are released in heart blood vessels, those exosomes will be internalized in endothelial cells leading to cell death and cardiac dysfunction. On the opposite, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells contain miR-223, that have anti-inflammatory properties, are released in less quantities in septic patients causing an imbalance that leads to cardiac dysfunction.

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The biological properties of Agaricus brasiliensis mainly include immunostimulating and antitumour activities. This study evaluated the immunomodulating effect of A. brasiliensis mycelium (LPB) and its exopolysaccharides (EPS) on immunological parameters, such as phagocytosis of Candida albicans and nitric oxide (NO) production by infected macrophages, splenocytes proliferation in response to C. albicans. It also assessed the effects of the intake of LPB on the number of lymphocytes in the lymph node and spleen of treated animals and the TNF-a production. It was showed that the LPB and EPS had opposite effects; LPB had antiproliferative action and also reduced the NO levels produced by macrophages. However, the EPS showed an immune-stimulating effect potentiating the splenocytes proliferation and NO production from macrophages after stimulation with C. albicans. In addition, it also protected the macrophages from death induced by yeast. These data confirmed the immunomodulatory properties of LPB and its polysaccharides.