This study investigates how various Economic Integration Agreements between Turkey and its trading partners affected the exports of machinery during 1998~2013. In addition, it differentiates between trade in parts and components and finished products, and assesses the effects of Economic Integration Agreements separately on these two types of goods. Using a discrete-time probit model with random effects, we show that an Economic Integration Agreement increases the survival of export relations which were initiated before the agreement. It is found to be reasonably heterogeneous, that is, the effect is found to be larger for parts and components exports occurring within the Global Production Networks compared to finished products exports.

The global auto industry has undergone a significant structural transformation in the last two decades as a result of the international fragmentation of production. This increase in cross‐border production‐sharing activities in the auto industry led to intra‐industry trade (IIT) in auto‐parts. In this study, the extent of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is examined by decomposing trade into inter‐industry trade, vertical IIT and horizontal IIT. Then the development of vertical IIT is analysed as an indicator of international fragmentation between the US and 29 trading partners. Several country‐specific hypotheses suggested by the fragmentation literature are tested for the period 1989–2006. The results indicate that a substantial portion of IIT in the US auto‐parts industry is vertical IIT, and the econometric results generally support the hypotheses drawn from the theory. In particular, the findings show that the extent of the US vertical IIT is positively correlated with average market size, differences in market size, differences in factor endowments and outward foreign direct investment, while it is negatively correlated with distance and differences in per capita GDP.

No abstract

No abstract

This article examines the effects of economic and political crises on the survival of 7115 tourism-related firms (hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and spas) in the Antalya region between 2000 and 2016. Using a discrete-time hazards model, we show that tourism-related firms exhibit lower survival rates during times of crisis. We have also found that age, size and legal form increase survival rates. In addition, firms in tourism locations specialized subregions and subregions with higher entry rates have lower chances of survival, whereas firms in tourism destinations with large markets have higher chances to survive. Our empirical analysis suggests that hotels and travel agencies are more sensitive to macroeconomic and political shocks than other tourism-related businesses like restaurants and spas.