No abstract

Rats were exposed to two-component multiple schedules of food delivery. In the first experiment, 15 responses were required to produce food in both components. A downward force of 0.25 N (25 g) was always required to operate the response lever in one component. In the other, the required force was 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, or 2.00 N (25, 50, 100, or 200 g). In the second experiment, 0.25 N of force operated the lever in one component, but in the other, the force requirement for five consecutive responses at the beginning, middle, or end of each ratio was increased from 0.25 to 2.00 N. In the third experiment, the number of responses required to produce food was reduced from 15 to 5, and then to 1. Again, the effects of altering response force from 0.25 to 2.00 N were examined. In general, as response force increased in all experiments, mean response rates decreased and mean interresponse times increased.

We examined self-and cross-citation practices in JABA and JEAB from 1983 through 1992. Mean levels of self-citation for JABA and for JEAB were 22.6% and 36.1%, respectively. Overall, 2.4% of JABA citations were JEAB artides, and 0.6% of JEAB citations were JABA artides, which suggests limited integration of basic and applied research.DESCRIPTORS: applied behavior analysis, basic research, citationsRoughly a decade ago, several authors suggested that applied behavior analysis had moved progressively away from its basic research roots. As evidence, Poling, Picker, Grossett, Hall-Johnson, and Holbrook (1981) reported that, from 1968 through 1979, artides published in JEAB were cited increasingly infrequently inJABA. Previously, Krantz (197 1) usedJEAB self-citation data to support his contention that operant and nonoperant psychology were isolated and noninteractive domains. His data indicated that self-citations inJEAB increased dramatically through the first 12 years of publication (1958)(1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969). In a recent updating of Krantz's work, Coleman and Mehlman (1992) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 shows the percentage of total citations that were self-and cross-citations for JABA and JEAB. The value for self-citations ranged from 17.8% to 29.1% across years inJABA and 30.1% to 47.1% in JEAB. Mean values for the 10 years were 22.6% and 36.1% for JABA and JEAB, respectively. For both journals, there were no obvious trends in the percentage ofself-citations across time. Across years, 0.3% to 4.8% ofJABA citations were JEAB artides, with a mean of 2.4%. ForJABA citations inJEAB, the mean was 0.6% and the range across years was 0.1% to 1.7%. No trends were obvious in these data.For the 10 years evaluated, 176 differentJEAB artides were cited inJABA, and 83 differentJABA artides were cited in JEAB. The three JEAB artides most often cited in JABA were Herrnstein (1970( ), Michael (1982, and Hermustein (1961), with 12, 9, and 8 citations, respectively. The two 729 19945 27. 729-731 NUMBER4 (wiNm 1994)

Previous research has shown that concurrent schedule responding maintained by cocaine under short variable-interval (VI) schedules is well described by the generalized matching law. That is, drug-maintained behavior was apportioned in accordance with relative frequency of reinforcement. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the ability of the generalized matching law to account for choice under longer VI schedules of cocaine availability, and to compare cocaine-maintained to food-maintained behavior in this regard. One group of rhesus monkeys (n = 4) was prepared with indwelling IV catheters and allowed to respond under concurrent VI (conc VI) schedules of cocaine delivery (0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg per injection) with an average inter-reinforcer interval (IRI) of 10 or 30 min. In a second group of monkeys (n = 4), a comparable experiment was conducted but with responding maintained by different amounts of food (one, two, or four 1-g banana-flavored pellets). For both groups, the same reinforcer followed responding on either lever, the only difference between the options being the VI schedule, i.e., frequency of reinforcement. The behavior of the cocaine-maintained group was well predicted by the generalized matching law. While both groups evidenced undermatching of both response and time allocation, lever pressing of monkeys whose behavior was maintained by food showed more undermatching than that of the cocaine-maintained group. In addition, a consistent and unexplained bias in responding toward the right lever developed in the food-maintained, but not the cocaine-maintained monkeys. Considering the present results with those of previous experiments, it appears that food-, but not cocaine-maintained behavior, deviates increasingly from strict matching as the IRI is extended. This difference across reinforcers could be due to differences between cocaine and food in the mechanisms by which they maintain behavior, or a direct effect of cocaine on choice performance.