Atomic layer deposition (ALD) relies on self-limiting reaction within a cyclic process and is being considered as a potential technique for synthesizing nanomaterials with precisely controlled internal structure. Therefore, the design and synthesis of advanced ultrafine nanomaterials becomes feasible through a rigorous control over the morphology, micro-and nano-structure, composition, thickness and particle size. Currently, ALD is mostly adopted for semiconductor applications; however, several other areas (i.e. catalysis and energy storage) can hugely benefit from ALD capabilities if the process is finely tuned. In this review paper, significant previous works on ALD of nanomaterials have been discussed via focusing on the deposition of noble metals, metal oxides, two-dimensional materials and metal-organic frameworks on various substrates. Major contributing parameters (e.g. deposition temperature, ALD cycles, and type of the precursor) affecting the deposition process have also been covered. The review concludes with a summary of opportunities for future research to enable large-scale implementation of ALD as a reliable and robust technique for synthesizing nanomaterials.

Linear sweep voltammetry, galvanostatic pulse, and pulse reverse techniques were used to study the plating of nickeliron alloys in the presence of organic additives. The effects of pulse current densities, ip, reverse current densities, it, rotation speed of disk electrode, and the presence of organic additives on deposition of nickel-iron alloys are evaluated. The observed phenomena can be explained by the concentration depletion of reactants (or products), and the surface coverage of the additives on the electrode. A new formulation of the plating bath is defined.

An agglomerate model on the cathode part of the proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell is developed. A parameter estimation scheme is imposed on the model to retrieve useful mass-transfer and electrochemical kinetics data. Experimental observations on the effects of oxidant composition and solid polymer electrolyte loadings on cell performance are qualitatively predicted using this model. This model gives the trend of polarization curve as a function of gas void fraction, and loadings of catalyst and solid polymer electrolyte within the catalyst layer. The effect of the catalyst layer thickness is simulated as a function of cell operating conditions and chemical/physical structure of the electrode. The relative effects of gas-phase mass transfer, oxygen diffusion, and proton migration in the solid polymer phase, and catalyst surface electrochemical kinetics are evaluated. The consequence of electrode structure and possible directions of electrode improvement are discussed.

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Experimental and theoretical cyclic voltammograms for electronically conducting polypyrrole film are obtained from the identical conditions and compared to each other to characterize electrochemical behavior of the polymer. A comparison of the simulated and experimental cyclic voltammograms shows quantitative agreement. The profiles of the dependent variables show that the switching process is governed by the availability of the counterion to the polypyrrole electrode and the amount of electroactive sites. Sensitivity analysis shows that the double layer effects have more influence in the cyclic voltammograms than the electrokinetic effects.