Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has an important role in stomatognathic system. Its role during function is facilitated from rotation and translation movement. Any deviation from TMJ normal anatomy and movement could lead into either clicking, crepitus, or pain in preauricular area. These sign and symptoms, which are widely referred as TMJ Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), extremely common in world population. Several genes have been identified contribute in susceptibility towards TMD. Genetic polymorphism are a form of gene sequences variance that is found in more than 1% of world population. Epigenetics is an interaction between internal and external environments that leads to a change in chromatin structures that switches the gene expression on and off. There are several factors that posibly affect the genetic polymorphisms in TMD such as; serotonin, cathecolamine, estrogen, folate, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), extracellular matrix, transcription factors, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), epithelial growth factor, β-catenin, and discoidin. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA are found in chondrocyte of TMD patients. In a temporomandibular joint, miRNA-140 controls bone homeostasis especially on the articular remodeling. Genetic molecular and epigenetic study will benefit in diagnosis and treatment of TMD patient. The aim of this paper is author want to inform about molecular genetics and epigenetics of TMD.

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Proper anamnesis of clinical practice in giving clear diagnosis is important for specific possible dental care. Disturbance in tooth development by any aetiological factors result in dental anomalies. The variation aetiologies of the dental anomaly are diverse but mainly caused by three main factors which are genetic, epigenetic, and environmental. From genetic mechanisms, where parents or siblings have a specific pattern of tooth, a bigger probability for an individual to have the same tooth pattern with his relatives, included gender differences. Based on epigenetic mechanisms, environmental chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aging, and dietary intake are a few factors that made up a tooth pattern. Repeated signaling molecules which received by protein receptor and induced by transcription factors between epithelial and mesenchyme in tooth development stages are relayed to transcript continued process of tooth development and become tooth anomalies. Orthodontists can be the ones to first diagnose and aware of the etiology and related characteristics with dental anomalies and further can cause malocclusion. An optimal and efficient integrated treatment plan of these anomalies should include the genetic profile of an individual to understand the developmental process and the aetiological factors for specific possible dental care. This paper aims to inform about the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that involve in dental abnormalities development.

Traumatology is one of the pathology forensic studies to analyze the injury, effect and its relation to the cases of violence of criminals. According to the etiology, its division into four major types of trauma, there are blunt trauma, sharp trauma, gunshot wound, and others. Blunt trauma is a common case in forensic and often becomes the cause of death in many cases, such as accident, homicide, and murderer. Blunt trauma in the oral cavity also can cause death by various mechanisms such as infection, bleeding, and asphyxia. Keyword: blunt trauma, oral cavity, cause of death