BackgroundThe proportion of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in U.S. academic medical centers has remained almost unchanged over the last 20 years. Some authors credit the "minority tax"—the burden of extra responsibilities placed on minority faculty in the name of diversity. This tax is in reality very complex, and a major source of inequity in academic medicine.DiscussionThe “minority tax” is better described as an Underrepresented Minority in Medicine (URMM) faculty responsibility disparity. This disparity is evident in many areas: diversity efforts, racism, isolation, mentorship, clinical responsibilities, and promotion.SummaryThe authors examine the components of the URMM responsibility disparity and use information from the medical literature and from human resources to suggest practical steps that can be taken by academic leaders and policymakers to move toward establishing faculty equity and thus increase the numbers of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in academic medicine.

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There has been a recent surge of interest in the topic of wrongful conviction in Canada. Most of the research, however, has focused on the many factors that contribute to the problem. Those most affected by these miscarriages of justice - the wrongly convicted themselves - have been largely ignored. This study sought to reveal, through in-depth interviews, the voices and experiences of five wrongly convicted Canadians, as they spoke about wrongful arrest, imprisonment, and release. The respondents reported that during arrest they were victims of tunnel vision and institutional misconduct. They made use of several highly adaptive coping strategies while wrongly imprisoned, including cooperation, withdrawal, preoccupation with exoneration, and rejection of the label criminal. Maintaining innocence while incarcerated entailed notable consequences, which included being perceived by the prison administration to be at high risk of recidivism. Furthermore, given their continual affirmation of their innocence, respondents suffered uncertainty over their release date. Finally, they reported problems following their release, including intolerance of injustice and a desire for compensation. These findings point to the importance of including the experiences of the wrongly convicted in future criminal justice policy and practice considerations.

Key Points Question What are the projected estimates of the number of African American students who would have graduated from historically Black medical schools that were closed during the period surrounding the publication of the 1910 Flexner report? Findings In this economic evaluation of 13 historically Black medical schools that were closed and 4 historically Black medical schools that remained open after the 1910 Flexner report, an extrapolation based on data from the medical schools that remained open indicated that 5 of the closed medical schools might have collectively provided training to an additional 35 315 graduates by 2019. If these 5 closed schools had remained open, they could have produced a 29% increase in the number of graduating African American physicians in 2019 alone. Meaning The study’s findings suggest that consideration should be given to the creation of medical education programs at historically Black colleges and universities in an effort to increase the number of African American graduates from medical schools and the number of African American physicians in the workforce.

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