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The impact of blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and smoking on the risk of cerebral infarction and other stroke was studied by a longitudinal design. A random sample of the population aged 35-59 years in two counties of Eastern Finland was examined in 1972, with a participation rate of 92 per cent. In subjects (both sexes) standardized epidemiological measurements on blood pressure, height, weight, and serum lipids were made and questionnaire data were obtained on smoking. The cohort was followed for seven years by means of national hospital discharge and death certificate registers. During the follow-up 77 men and 65 women had a cerebral stroke. Based on multiple logistic risk function analysis, age, smoking, blood pressure, and history of previous stroke and diabetes turned out to be independent predictors of both cerebral infarction and other strokes in men. Diastolic blood pressure of 100 nun Hg or more was associated with a 1.9-fold (90% CI = 1.1-3.6) risk of cerebral infarction in men and 2.5-fold (90% CI = 1.1-5.6) risk in women with no previous stroke. In men 37% (90% CI = 21-53%) of all cerebral strokes were attributable to systolic blood pressure of 150 mm Hg or more and 27% (90% CI = 11-42%) to diastolic blood pressure of 95 mm Hg or more.Stroke, Vol 13, No 3, 1982 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) are the main cause of death in the developed world. The problem is increased by the frequent permanent disability and loading of health services due to these diseases. In most countries, the most important cardiovascular disease of the middle-aged population is coronary heart disease, and that of the older population is cerebrovascular disease. 21 ' 29 In most industrialized countries, cerebrovascular disease is the second most important cause of cardiovascular death. 22 In a number of countries, it is the third or fourth most important cause of all deaths in the age-group 45-64. 22,28Since cerebral stroke is often fatal and the impact of treatment on the prognosis is limited, without question the potential to control the disease lies on primary prevention. 9,28 This implies reliable information on the factors related to the risk of stroke.The purpose of this study was to provide information on the relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and smoking to the risk of cerebral infarction and all strokes in middle-aged men and women in a high-risk area. Patients and Data CollectionThe study was conducted in eastern Finland, a mainly rural area with extremely high mortality rates for cardiovascular diseases.4,13 A random 6.6 per cent sample of the population aged 25-59 of the counties of North Karelia and Kuopio was drawn using the national population register. The subjects received an invitation to a physical examination by mail and a questionnaire to be filled in at home. They were asked to fast for at least four hours before the examination. The participation rate in the field examination was 92 per cent in the age group of 35-59. Since the occurrence of cerebra...

Objective To compare the characteristics of children with ADHD who have high IQ versus normal and low IQ through long-term follow-up of children with ADHD from a population-based birth cohort. Methods Subjects included children with research-identified ADHD (N=379) from a birth cohort (N=5,718). Full scale IQ scores obtained between ages 6 –18 years were used to categorize children into three groups: Low (IQ<80), Normal (80≤IQ<120) and High IQ (IQ≥120). Subjects were retrospectively followed from birth until emigration, death, or high school graduation/dropout. The groups were compared on demographic characteristics, age at which ADHD case criteria were met, co-morbidities, treatment, and school outcomes. Results There were no significant differences among children with high (N=34), normal (N=276) or low IQ (N=21) and ADHD in numerous characteristics, including median age at which ADHD criteria were fulfilled (9.5, 9.7, and 9.8 years); rates of co-morbid learning disorders (85.3%, 78.3%, 76.2%), psychiatric disorders (47.1%, 50.4%, 47.6%), and substance abuse (17.6%, 23.6%, 19.0%); and rates of stimulant treatment (79%, 75%, 90%). In comparison to children with normal or low IQ, those with high IQ had mothers with higher educational levels (e.g., college graduation rates 44.1%, 11.6%, 14.3%), and higher reading achievement (median national percentiles on standardized reading tests 77.0, 42.0, 29.0, p<0.001). Conclusions These findings suggest that ADHD is similar among children with high, normal and low IQ, although high IQ may favorably mediate some outcomes such as reading achievement. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are important for all children, regardless of cognitive ability.

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Reviewed are 31 studies that evaluated recidivism rates from juvenile drug treatment courts relative to a random-assignment or convenience comparison group. Recidivism was defined as re-referral, new charges, or re-arrest. Mean effect sizes and confidence intervals are provided for the three recidivism assessment time frames most often used by researchers (e.g., recidivism occurring ''during the drug court program''; ''during, plus post-program''; and ''post-program only''). Characteristics of youths and programs that were hypothesized to correlate with the size of effect (e.g., gender and ethnic proportions of program participants, methodological quality of studies) were examined in an attempt to account for variation in effect sizes across studies. The average premature termination rate from drug court programs, as a face-valid indicator of typical program effectiveness, is also reported. The results, based on significantly more studies than past reviews, show that juvenile drug court treatment program youths, relative to controls, had slightly more gains than short-term, pre-to-post-program assessments. Results are compared to adult drug court outcomes, and program and participant correlates of effect size are discussed. Suggestions for further research into possible improvements of programs are offered.