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Excess heat is available from various sources and its utilisation could reduce the primary energy use. The accessibility of this heat is however dependent amongst others on the source and sink temperature, amount and potential users in its vicinity. In this work a new method is developed which analyses excess heat sources from the industrial sector and how they could be used for district heating. This method first allocates excess heat to single production units by introducing and validating a new approach. Spatial analysis of the heat sources and consumers are then performed to evaluate the potential for using them for district heating. In this way the theoretical potential of using the excess heat for covering the heating demand of buildings is determined. Through the use of industry specific temperature profiles the heat usable directly or via heat pumps is further found. A sensitivity analysis investigates the impact of future energy efficiency measures in the industry, buildings and the district heating grid on the national potential. The results show that for the case study of Denmark, 1.36 TWh of district heat could be provided annually with industrial excess heat from thermal processes which equals 5.1 % of the current demand. More than half of this heat was found to be usable directly, without the need for a heat pump.

Experiencing the highest growth in emissions since 1990 and relying mainly on oil, transport is considered the most complicated sector to decarbonize. Lately, the Nordic countries have shown remarkable success in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in the power and heat sector. However, when it comes to transportation, the greatest source of Nordic GHG emissions, stronger measures are needed. Relying on a rich and diversified portfolio of renewable sources and expertise, the Nordic countries could benefit from a common mitigation strategy by encompassing a larger variety of solutions and potential synergies. This article reviews studies addressing integrated energy and transport scenario analysis for the Nordic region as a whole. The studies targeted are those applying energy system models, given their extensive adoption in supporting scenario analysis. Most notable of these studies is the “Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016” to which a special focus is dedicated. The article reviews the methodological choices and the research content of the selected literature. Challenges/limitations are identified in light of recent transport research, and categorized as: “transport behavior”, “breakthrough technologies”, “domestic energy resources” and “geographical aggregation and system boundaries”. Lastly, a list of suggestions to tackle the identified gaps is provided based on the existing literature.

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The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA. IEA member countries:Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. Acknowledgements 7Contact 9Executive Summary 10Nordic energy-related carbon dioxide emissions 26Chapter 1 Nordic choices in a global world 28Radical change is needed, but history gives cause for optimism 31Three strategic issues facing Nordic countries 35Power generation and district heating are almost there 42Spotlight 1: The Nordic bioenergy market 52Decarbonising transport poses significant challenges 57Industry: Innovation will be the deal breaker 72Spotlight 2: Iceland´s fishing sector 83Buildings: Accelerating deep energy renovation is critical 88Decarbonising the Nordic region will not cost the world 101Chapter 2 Urban energy 104Introduction 107Overview of Nordic urban energy systems 108Drivers of change in the urban context 114 Urban scenarios 119Nordic capitals leading the low-carbon transition by example 129Recommendations for action in urban areas 147 6Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016 Electricity system integration 150Introduction 153Market integration of VRE 173 Electricity trade 180Flexibility in the system and VRE integration 189The role of nuclear in the Nordic energy system 210 Recommendations and near-term actions 213 Annexes 216Annex A (Chapter 1) 217 Annex B (Chapter 2) 230Annex C (Chapter 3) 235References 245 List of Figures 254List of Boxes 260 List of Tables 261Also from the IE...