Twenty-five women who were the primary carers for a parent with dementia rated for expressed emotion (EE) and then divided into two groups: 11 with low-EE ratings and 14 with high-EE ratings. Although there were no differences between these groups in the levels of their parents' cognitive impairment, when such impairment was taken into account, high-EE subjects were found to report higher levels of strain and distress. More efficient coping strategies were reported by subjects who made fewer critical comments and more positive remarks. High-EE subjects more frequently had no living siblings, and were more likely to have had a respite break from caring. EE status was not associated with continuing care in the community at a nine-month follow-up.

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Migrants from one country to another may experience a profound disturbance of their individual, social and cultural identities. A group-analytic psychotherapy group provides a microcosm of the adopted culture. Membership of such a group may enable immigrants to develop a sense of belonging to the group and thus to resolve, or resolve again, their `crises' of `identity v. identity confusion' in the new culture. Through the processes of identification, belonging and learning to share the language of the group, a sense of intimacy with others may be achieved.