The focus of this paper is the intra-urban location of producer service firms. The literature review reveals a selective deconcentration ofproducer service activity over the years. Those moving out, among them exporters of producer services, are less likely to requiretheface-to-face contacts a CBD location permits. The content of Edmonton's producer service sector is described in terms of the number, type, revenues, and markets of the firms. A stage development model describing and accounting for the intra-urban locational behaviour of producer service firms is then proposed. It is argued that a firm's location is dependent on the stage it has reached in the development cycle and whether it exports its service or not. On this basis a three-phased stage development model is developed. It incorporates the accommodation requirements of firms in the various phases of the development cycle relative to the services they offer and their organizational status. The model is tested by mapping the addresses of 1523 producer service firms located in Edmonton andgeneralizing these into composite areas to which the numbers and types of service can be ascribed. Additionally a sample (172) of these firms was surveyed to establish the most important locational determinants relative to a firm's export orientation. In general, an empirical evaluation enabled a tentative acceptance ofthe modelas a good approximation of producer service firms' locational behaviour. However, a more comprehensive data base is required for a full evaluation and refinement of the stage development model proposed here. Nonexporting firms tend to locate in the CBD and inner city areas, while exporting firms seek suburban office parks wherein access and space are available. The policy implications of the research are addressed and suggestions for refinement of the model conclude the statement, Cet article traite de la localisation intra-urbaine des soci&& productrices de services. l a bibliographie fait apparaitre une dkoncentration s6lective des activit6s de service au cows des anne'es. Celles qui quittent le centre ville, principalement les producteurs de services a I'exportation, semblement avoir moins besoin des contacts face d face que permet une localisation en plein centre ville. Un panorama du secteur de la production de services A Edmonton est fourni, en termes de nombre, type, chiffre daffaires et march6 des soci6t6s. Ensuite, on propose un modPle qui d6crit et tient compte du comportement de localisation intra-urbaine des soci6t6s de service. Un des arguments proposb fait le lien entre la localisation, Petape dans la vie de la soci6t6 et la presence ou non d'activit6s exportatrices. Sur cette base, un modele de cycle de vie en trois phases est d6velopp6. I1 tient compte des contraintes &emplacement, des diffdrentes phases de leur Wveloppement en fonction des services proposes et de leur statut organisationnel. Le modde est v6rifi6 en cartographiant les adresses de 1523 soci6t6s de service localis6es B Edmonton et en les zones composites auxquell...

In this paper the authors examine the subcontracting behaviour of producer service firms in a peripheral metropolitan city. The objective of this empirical investigation is to uncover spatial and organizational linkages of producer services that have developed in response to changes in the industrial organization of a modern capitalist production system. The focus is on three types of linkages, namely subcontracting, inputs of producer services, and inputs of goods and final services. The data collected through a survey of producer services in Edmonton reveal that subcontracting rather than internalization is the main mode of production. Therefore the producer service sector can play an important role as a supplier of indigenous higher-order services and innovations, inducing better productivity rates in other industrial sectors including resource-oriented local producers.

This paper evaluates nine elements, comprised of 233 entrepreneurs' locational attitudes in two Canadian metropolitan centers, for evidence that perception of the same region differs according to metropolitan location, and that locational images are related to specific types of manufacturing activity. Hierarchical cluster analysis is used to group attitudes that entrepreneurs hold toward their regional economic environments into patterns of similarity, and to provide visual and quantitative evidence for the level at which various firms enter a group, and the number of alternative groupings which are undertaken before any two firms comprise the same group. The paper concludes that a single ‘regional economic milieu’ does not exist for all entrepreneurs inhabiting the same regional location, that entrepreneurs' attitudes differ between and within the region's two metropolitan centers, and that decisionmakers perceive regional location opportunities as individuals, according to their personal needs and those of their firm (but not of their industry).

West Edmonton Mall was developed and has maintained its position as Edmonton's primary focus of retailing, recreational, and leisure activity through innovative entrepreneurial skills and extensive promotions. These are viewed as necessarily concomitant to the size, location, and functional complexity of the mall relative to the size of the Edmonton market and the remainder of the city's retail structure. One strategy was to dominate the market by tempting consumers with the rewards of a complete shopping environment within the confines of one, carefully orchestrated retail complex. The success of this approach is evaluated through an examination of the entrepreneurial behaviour of the developer (Triple Five) in relation to the consumer spatial preferences of a sample of Edmontonians. From this evidence it is suggested that the mall's retail importance may not be as pervasive locally as is commonly thought. Consumer mobility and the intrinsic character of the retail structure are reasons suggested for this, both of which require further investigation and elaboration.

One hundred fifty-four towns with at least one commercial service and twenty inhabitants each are dispersed irregularly through Gippsland, Australia. A general relationship of their services S to population P is log S = 0.699 log P -0.367. The spatial pattern of residuals from this relationship is apparently made up of purely local elements. The fitting of low-order, partial trend-surfaces to the residuals establishes the presence of a weak but significant regional trend in their distribution. There are only minor differences between the map of residuals from regression and that of the deviations from the regional trend of those residuals. The explanation of the spatial character of the residuals, therefore, can remain in this case primarily in terms of local factors. The regional trend nevertheless needs explanation in terms of regionally operative factors that have not yet been established but which would not be suggested by more conventional methods of mapping residuals. residual from regression represents the A portion of an observed value of a dependent variable unexplained by the one or more independent variables included in the analysis. The mapping of residuals depicts the areal distribution of departures from a generalized statistical relationship,2 with the critically read earlier drafts and made valuable suggestions concerning both style and content.2The mapping of residuals from regression, as a useful tool in manv eeoerauhical moblems. was dis-1966), pp. 78-79, recently emphasized the value of the technique in economic geography. , Visual Com-278-80, 298-99, described some uses of residual parison of Isopleth Maps as a Means of Determining maps in hypothesis testing in human geography, and Correlation Between Spatially Distributed Phenom-