1. The properties of motor units were investigated in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) of old rats [27.5 +/- 1.6 (SD) mo old, n = 18]. Individual motor units were functionally isolated by ventral root fiber splitting and grading stimulus intensity. The muscle-unit portion of the motor unit was identified by the glycogen depletion method. The physiological properties of 77 motor units in 6 animals and the histological results of 7 slow-twitch (type S) muscle units were compared with data from motor units in the same muscle of middle-aged rats (12.8 +/- 1.6 mo old, n = 33). 2. The motor units were classified into four types of categories [FF (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index less than or equal to 0.5), FI (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than 0.5 but less than 0.75), FR (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than or equal to 0.75), S (slow-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than 0.75)] using the same criteria (i.e., presence or absence of the "sag" property and fatigability) used for middle-aged rats. No significant difference in the relative distributions of these unit types was detected, although the MG muscle in old rats exhibited a relatively high proportion of type S units and fewer type FR units. 3. The mean tetanic tensions for type FF + FI and FR units were significantly smaller than those in the middle-aged rats. On the other hand, type S motor units produced more tension than in the middle-aged rats. 4. The conduction velocity of motor axons was considerably slower in any unit type of old motor units, and the most marked change was found in type FR units. 5. The general morphological features of the old rat MG were fiber-type grouping, disseminated atrophic or angulated fibers, a decrease in the total number of muscle fibers, and an increase in the number of type I muscle fibers. The major distribution patterns of fibers of different types were the same as those in the middle-aged MG. 6. Seven type S units that produced large tetanic tension were depleted of glycogen in the muscle-unit portions. These units had a large innervation ratio compared with those in the middle-aged rats, whereas the mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and the calculated specific tension remained unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

4. A muscle unit portion of twenty-three motor units (8 FF, 6 FR, and 9 S units) was depleted of its glycogen through repetitive stimulation after characterization of its mechanical properties. Cross-sectional areas of unit fibres and innervation ratio were directly measured in sections stained for glycogen using a periodic and acidSchiff (PAS) reaction. Specific tension of unit fibres was calculated by dividing the maximum tetanic tension of a unit by its total fibre area.5. K. KANDA AND K. HASHIZUME 7. Total cross-sectional area was significantly different among the motor unit types, and was highly correlated to the maximum tetanic tension.8. Specific tension was 16-7 + 2-9 N/cm2 for type S, 21-4+ 1-3 N/cm2 for type FR, and 25-1 + 2-9 N/cm2 for type FF units. These values were significantly different. 9.Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that variations in maximum tetanic tension among motor unit types could be explained principally by innervation ratio, whereas fibre size was the major factor to determine tetanic tension within a given motor unit type.10. Unit fibre density for type S units was significantly smaller than that for either type FR or type FF units. There was no difference between type FR and type FF units.11. Axonal conduction velocity was not correlated with innervation ratio for units within a particular type as well as for all twenty-three units of different types, suggesting that there was no or a weak, if any, correlation between axonal conduction velocity and the number of terminal branches for rat motoneurones.

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The age-related alterations in the number and size of alpha- and gamma-motoneurons were studied in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor nuclei in rats at four ages: young (5 months), middle aged (10-13 months), old (26 months), and very old (31 months). Small volumes (0.1-0.5 microliter) of 40% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution were injected into the cut MG nerve bilaterally by using glass micropipettes and a pressure injection system. The number, position, and soma size (average soma diameter) of MG motoneurons were determined by using photographic maps of each TMB-stained section. The total number of myelinated axons was counted in seven MG nerves from the same animals. The average soma diameters in each MG nucleus were distributed bimodally; cells with average diameter greater than 21.0-24.0 micron were presumed to be alpha-motoneurons and those with smaller diameters were presumed to be gamma. The mean number of presumed alpha-motoneurons was significantly less in the old and very old groups as compared with the young and middle-aged. In contrast, the number of presumed gamma-motoneurons was the same across age groups. The mean average soma diameter of both alpha- and gamma-motoneurons was smaller in the old animals. The apparent decrease in the total number of labeled motoneurons in old animals was also reflected in a decrease in myelinated axon counts. We conclude that there is a significant decrease in the absolute numbers of motoneurons in rats aged 26 months and older, with most of the decrease occurring among the larger alpha-motoneurons.

Age-related physiological and morphological changes of muscle spindles were examined in rats (male Fischer 344/DuCrj: young, 4-13 months; middle-aged, 20-22 months; old, 28-31 months). Single afferent discharges of the muscle spindles in gastrocnemius muscles were recorded from a finely split dorsal root during ramp-and-hold (amplitude, 2.0 mm; velocity, 2-20 mm s −1 ) or sinusoidal stretch (amplitude, 0.05-1.0 mm; frequency, 0.5-2 Hz). Respective conduction velocities (CVs) were then measured. After electrophysiological experimentation, the muscles were dissected. The silver-impregnated muscle spindles were teased and then analysed using a light microscope. The CV and dynamic response to ramp-and-hold stretch of many endings were widely overlapped in old rats because of the decreased CV and dynamic response of primary endings. Many units in old rats showed slowing of discharge during the release phase under ramp-and-hold stretch and continuous discharge under sinusoidal stretch, similarly to secondary endings in young and middle-aged rats. Morphological studies revealed that primary endings of aged rat muscle spindles were less spiral or non-spiral in appearance, but secondary endings appeared unchanged. These results suggest first that primary muscle spindles in old rats are indistinguishable from secondary endings when determined solely by previously used physiological criteria. Secondly, these physiological results reflect drastic age-related morphological changes in spindle primary endings.