Recovery responses of intestinal villus height and fine structure on the villus apical surface to different refeeding procedures were compared at refeeding 3 or 24 h after 3-d of feed withdrawal from chicks. After 3-d of fasting, 45-d-old male White Leghorn chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) were refed rice bran (RB) (CP, 14.8%; ME, 3,170 kcal/kg), conventional grower mash diet (CG) (CP, 18.2%; ME, 2,853 kcal/kg), or ground CG (GG). During the experimental period, birds were given access to diets and water ad libitum. After the end of each experimental period, the duodenum was fixed and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy for morphological changes in the villi. Duodenal villus heights of chicks fasted for 3 d were significantly decreased compared with control chicks fed ad libitum. Villus heights were significantly increased after a 3-h refeeding, and the villi of the GG-refed group were significantly higher than RB and CG. When compared with villus heights at the 3-h refeeding, the RB-refed group showed no changes after a 24-h refeeding, but the CG and GG groups had significantly increased villi heights. Villi heights in GG groups were significantly higher than in the CG groups. Dietary effects on cell area and cell mitosis numbers were similar to those observed for villus height. The surface of the duodenal villi apices of control birds fed ad libitum revealed a clear cell outline, cell protuberances, and cell extrusion into the lumen. After 3-d fasting, cell outlines became faint, and protuberances and extrusion of cells disappeared. After refeeding for 3 h, clear cell outlines were again apparent in all groups. In GG-refed chicks, larger cell outlines and protuberated cells were found as conspicuous morphological features. Similar observations were made at the 24-h refeeding. These morphological findings suggest that chickens that were on feed withdrawal benefit from ad libitum refeeding of a powdered diet that is nutritionally complete for rapid recovery of digestive function.

Orexin-A and -B are known to stimulate food intake in mammals. However, the critical roles of orexins in birds are not fully understood, since orexins have no stimulatory effect on food intake in the chicken. To understand the physiological role(s) of orexins in birds, we have cloned chicken orexin receptor (cOXR) cDNA by RT-PCR, and analysed the tissue distribution of OXR mRNA in the chicken. The cOXR cDNA is 1869 bp long and encodes 501 amino acids. The cloned cDNA for cOXR corresponds to the type 2 OXR in mammals, and shows approximately 80% similarity to those of mammals at the amino acid level. Expression analysis by RNase protection assay revealed OXR mRNA was distributed widely in brain regions, and expression in the cerebrum, hypothalamus and optic tectum were abundant. In peripheral tissues, OXR mRNA was expressed in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland and testis, but no mRNA expression was observed in other tissues examined. Furthermore, we found that the amount of cOXR mRNA was different between testis and ovary, while prepro-orexin mRNA is equally expressed in the gonads of both sexes in the chicken. These data indicate that the orexins have neuroendocrine actions in chickens, which are mediated through hypothalamic receptors as has been observed in mammals. In addition, orexin may have specific role(s) in the regulation of gonadal function in which sex-dependent mechanisms could be involved.

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Chicken cholecystokinin-+ receptor (chCCK+R) cDNA was isolated from a chicken brain and tissue distribution of the chCCK+R mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. The chCCK+R is composed of .,3 amino acid residues and showed approximately 1-ῌ and /*ῌ identity with those of mammalian CCK+R and CCK-, receptor (CCK,R) at the amino acid level, respectively. In phylogenetical analysis, the chCCK+R belonged to a cluster of CCK+R and CCK-CHR, another CCK receptor cloned from chicken, was placed into a cluster of CCK,R. By RT-PCR analysis, whilst both chCCK+R and CCK-CHR mRNAs were widely expressed in the chicken tissues, the expression pattern for each receptor was slightly di#erent. Abundant chCCK+R mRNA was observed in multiple tissues, while CCK-CHR mRNA expression was dominantly observed in the brain and proventriculus in the chicken. Taken together, chCCK+R is a potent peripheral CCKR and CCK-CHR cloned and characterized previously is classified as CCK,R in the chicken. Furthermore, mRNA expression for chicken CCKRs is possible to be regulated by tissue specific manner and that may be associated with the diverse roles of CCK and gastrin in the chicken.