Conductive porous carbon nanofibers are promising for environmental, energy, and catalysis applications. However, increasing their porosity and conductivity simultaneously remains challenging. Here we report chemical crosslinking electrospinning, a macro–micro dual-phase separation method, to synthesize continuous porous carbon nanofibers with ultrahigh porosity of >80% and outstanding conductivity of 980 S cm−1. With boric acid as the crosslinking agent, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and poly(vinyl alcohol) are crosslinked together to form water-sol webs, which are then electrospun into fibrous films. After oxidation and pyrolysis, the as-spun fibers are converted into B-F-N triply doped porous carbon nanofibers with well-controlled macro–meso–micro pores and large surface areas of ~750 m2 g−1. The sponge-like porous carbon nanofibers with substantially reduced mass transfer resistances exhibit multifunction in terms of gas adsorption, sewage disposal, liquid storage, supercapacitors, and batteries. The reported approach allows green synthesis of high-performance porous carbon nanofibers as a new platform material for numerous applications.

Silica is an attractive anode material for soft lithium batteries owing to its high specific capacity, but it suffers severe problems of large volume change and unstable solid-electrolyte interface. Moreover, it is a challenge to fabricate flexible silica anodes. Here, we report a low-cost and scalable strategy to create flexible anodes of N-doped carbon nanofiber-confined porous silica (p-SiO 2 @N-CNF) by developing a sol-gel electrospinning process followed by carbonization. This approach causes the p-SiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) to be self-assembled within the N-CNFs, which act like elastomer and electrolyte barrier to accommodate volume changes and to enhance the stability of SiO 2 , whereas the NPs act as soft plasticizer providing strength to the CNF skeletons. Benefiting from the hierarchical structures, the anodes with high p-SiO 2 loadings (>1.6 mg/cm 2) exhibit exceptional cycling performance (>1,000 cycles) in terms of bending, current rate, and capacity. Moreover, the batteries remain stable when discharging at 0.5 C and charging at 2 C.

This study focuses on the physical and chemical properties of surficial lunar regolith (LR) samples returned from the Moon by the Chang'E-5 (CE-5) mission. Insights regarding the effect of a new sampling geological site on the surficial lunar sample CE5C0400 were illustrated using nondestructive techniques such as laser diffractometry coupled with image analysis, X-ray computed tomography, and field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Xray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement. From the characterization analyses, the CE-5 sampling site in the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon yields a unique collection of relatively regular-shaped and fine basalt-dominated particles. The median grain size D 50 is (55.24±0.96) μm, falling within the relatively low end of the range of the Apollo lunar returned samples. The coefficient of uniformity C u of 15.1 and the coefficient of curvature C c of 1.7 could classify CE5C0400 to be well-graded. The minerals in CE5C0400 comprise approximately 44.5% pyroxene, 30.4% plagioclase, 3.6% olivine, and 6.0% ilmenite. There is a relatively low content of approximately 15.5% glass phase in the CE-5 lunar sample. From the results, we deduce that the CE-5 LR structure could have mainly resulted from micrometeoroid impacts to achieve such a high level of maturity.