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Achieving high-quality economic development is a crucial feature of China’s new development stage. As an environmental regulation tool by implementing a differentiated credit policy, green credit is an inevitable choice to achieve high-quality economic development. In this paper, ecological welfare performance is used to measure the level of high-quality economic development. And based on the panel data of 30 provinces during 2008–2019, the spatial Durbin model and mediating effect model are used to empirically study the direct and indirect effect of green credit on ecological welfare performance in China. The results show that: (1) China’s ecological welfare performance shows the positive global spatial correlation in the overall spatial scope, with local characteristics of high–high aggregation and low–low aggregation. (2) Green credit can significantly promote the ecological welfare performance of local regions, but has a negative spatial spillover effect on the ecological welfare performance of adjacent regions. (3) Green credit can boost ecological welfare performance by improving technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and energy consumption structure. Based on these conclusions, the policy recommendations are put forward.

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