In this two-wave longitudinal panel study, the authors strived to advance understanding of how transformational leadership affects employee well-being over time. The authors proposed a model that included both direct and indirect effects, which was tested in a sample of social service employees. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that transformational leadership had no direct effect on well-being over time. Instead, both the short-term and long-term effects of transformational leadership on well-being were mediated by a positive climate for innovation. The study contributes to knowledge about the complicated processes by which leaders influence well-being of employees.

Objectives-To assess the long term psychological impact on women who were recalled for further investigation after mammography screening and to find any factors that might predict coping ability in order to identify those subjects who require additional support at an earlier stage. Setting-Counties of Västerbotten and Västernorrland, Sweden. Methods-A prospective design was used in which 252 recalled women completed questionnaires twice-once within a week of having received the all-clear and again at follow up six months later. A group of 1104 randomly selected, screen negative women were followed up in the same way for comparison. The questionnaire included the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire (PCQ) and basic sociodemographic data. The main outcome measure was the total score on the PCQ at six months. Results-Of the 252 women, 235 (93%) completed both questionnaires. In the control group, 987 (89.4%) women responded. Six months after the all-clear, recalled women were still significantly more anxious (p<0.001) than those who had been screened but not recalled. The strongest predictor of psychological distress at six months was the PCQ score at the first measurement. Other predictors were a low level of education, living in high density urban areas, and having only one child or no children at all. Widows appeared to cope better than other women. Conclusions-It is possible to define a group of women with false positive results who are already at risk of coping less eVectively at the time of recall. OVering these women counselling or other types of support should be considered. (J Med Screen 1999;6:89-93)

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Self-image and personality traits, measured by SASB and SCID screen respectively, were compared between transsexuals, patients diagnosed as Gender Identity Disorders of Adolescence and Adulthood, Non-transsexual Type (GIDAANT), and normal controls. Transsexual and GIDAANT patients differed significantly in both their self-image and personality traits. While both the transsexuals' and controls' self-images were positive with self-love, the GIDAANT patients had a negative self-image. On the SCID screen, the GIDAANT group fulfilled 39.8% of all axis II criteria; transsexuals fulfilled 28.6% versus 17.1% for the control group. Mean GAF scores (axis V) were 62, 70, and 83, respectively. For all patients a more negative self-image was significantly related to lower social functioning according to GAF and to more personality pathology according to SCID screen. The prevalence of additional clinical axis I and II disorders was about twice as high among GIDAANT patients as among transsexuals. Although the two conditions are closely related, we found more differences than similarities in the studied aspects and a clear tendency that the GIDAANT patients had more psychopathology overall. Although the transsexuals also differed significantly in some aspects from the controls, they showed less personality pathology and they had a normal self-image. Negative self-image, high degree of fulfilled axis II criteria, and low GAF scores seem to be corresponding factors and in this study clearly differentiate transsexuals from GIDAANT patients.

This paper presents a study of associations between psychiatric staff's habitual feelings towards their patients and the staff's self‐image. At 22 psychiatric treatment homes for psychotic and other severely disturbed patients, 163 male and female staff recurrently rated their feelings towards the individual patients on a feeling checklist. At the beginning of the study period, they also rated different aspects of their self‐image (the introject and the mother and father images) using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). Over time and over patient, correlations between the individual staff ratings on the feeling checklist and ratings on the SASB were studied for all staff and for male and female staff separately. The analyses showed a number of associations between the staff's feelings and aspects of their self‐image. Staff who habitually tended to feel helpful and autonomous towards their patients had a more positive image of mother, whereas staff who tended to feel more rejecting, unhelpful, and controlled had a combination of negative images of mother and father and a protecting introject. Some notable differences between male and female staff were found. Overall, self‐image accounted for larger proportions of the male staff's feelings than of the female staff's. Negative feelings for male staff were associated more with a critical father image, whereas for female staff these feelings were associated more with an image of the father as a freedom giving. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 475–490, 2000.