We conclude that this zebrafish assay efficiently identifies anticholinergic side effects of antipsychotics, and can thus be a quick and useful way to screen for this property in new drugs.

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Background: Intellectual disability (ID) affects 1%-3% of the paediatric population. Currently, there is no consensus as to the most effective strategies for improving the learning skills of children and adolescents with ID. This review aims to systematically gather information regarding interventions to promote and improve learning skills in children/ adolescents with ID from previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Methods: Systematic search strategies, including appropriate descriptors, were employed on Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, SciELO, ERIC, and PsycINFO databases. Quality assessment was conducted via the AMSTAR-2.Results: Fifty-nine studies were selected, subdivided by outcome domains and by the type of intervention. Interventions were related to caregiving, education, pharmacodietary, physical, and technology approaches. The overall low quality of the studies limited our recommendations.

Many neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with both dopaminergic (DAergic) and developmental hypotheses. Since DAergic receptors are expressed in the developing brain, it is possible that alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling may impair brain development and consequent behavior. In our previous study, using a zebrafish model, we showed that an increase of DA during the 3 to 5 days postfertilization (dpf) developmental window (an important window for GABAergic neuronal differentiation) affects the motor behavior of 5 dpf larvae. In this study, we set out to determine whether these behavioral alterations were sustained in larvae at older stages (7 and 14 dpf). To test this hypothesis, we chronically treated zebrafish larvae from 3 to 5 dpf with DA. After washing the drug, we recorded and analyzed the first 5 and 30 min of the motor behavior of 5, 7, and 14 dpf subjects. We analyzed mobile episodes, distance traveled, time mobile, distance traveled per mobile episode, time in movement per mobile episode, and distance traveled per time mobile. We showed, once again, that an increase of DA during the 3 to 5 dpf developmental window reduces the number of movement episodes initiated by 5 dpf larvae. We also detected a decrease of other motor behavior parameters in 5 dpf DA‐treated larvae. We observed that these alterations are sustained in the 7 dpf larvae. However, we did not see these general locomotor alterations in the 14 dpf larvae. Moreover, we detected a decrease of distance traveled and an increase of time of locomotion per episode in the first 5 min of behavioral analyses in 14 dpf DA‐treated larvae. To test if the alterations in the first 5 min were due to anxiety‐like behavior, we used a light/dark preference paradigm. We recorded 5dpf, 7dpf, and 14dpf larvae for 5 min and analyzed time of freezing, preference for light or dark, number of entries to the dark, percentage of time in the light. We observed that 5dpf larvae treated with DA showed more freezing, less passages to the dark, and more time spent in the light as compared to their control counterparts. But 7dpf and 14dpf larvae did not show these alterations. Taken overall, therefore, our results suggest that DA does play a role in the development of zebrafish motor behavior, and, furthermore, that some behaviors are more sensitive than others to the effects of DAergic imbalances during development.

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