Significant cost reductions for solar photovoltaic systems can be realized through aerodynamic design improvements for ground mounted and rooftop installations. Current practices in the solar industry are based on ASCE-7 codes created for buildings and do not fully account for wind reduction strategies. Numerical simulation is one of the tools that can be used to evaluate wind loads and improve system designs while maintaining reliability and durability. As a first order analysis, we have numerically simulated a solar photovoltaic panel as a flat plate with an aspect ratio of 0.5, which includes the simulation of turbulence experienced by panels. The flow is simulated using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent process is simulated using k–ε model. The numerical model and boundary conditions are derived from similar experimental wind tunnel experiments. The aerodynamic force is calculated from the integration of the normal and tangential pressure forces. The result of the numerical simulation shows that the wind load on a solar panel can be successfully simulated numerically and the simulation data can be used to evaluate redesigns of the system, allowing for the effective customization of solar arrays based on local conditions.

One of the methods proposed to improve access to clean drinking water is the mobile packaged water treatment system (MPWTS). The lack of published system performance comparisons combined with the diversity of technology available and intended operating conditions make it difficult for stakeholders to choose the system best suited for their application. MPWTS are often deployed in emergency situations, making selection of the appropriate system crucial to avoiding wasted resources and loss of life. Measurable critical-to-quality characteristics (CTQs) and a system selection tool for MPWTS were developed by utilizing relevant literature, including field studies, and implementing and comparing seven different MPWTS. The proposed System Life Cycle Evaluation (SLiCE) method uses these CTQs to evaluate the diversity in system performance and harmonize relevant performance with stakeholder preference via a selection tool. Agencies and field workers can use SLiCE results to inform and drive decision-making. The evaluation and selection tool also serves as a catalyst for communicating system performance, common design flaws, and stakeholder needs to system manufacturers. The SLiCE framework can be adopted into other emerging system technologies to communicate system performance over the life cycle of use.

No abstract