construction of scores of feedstock pre-processing sites and bio-refinery facilities (National Research Council, 2011). Meeting increased demand for energy crops will likely involve extensive conversion of previously uncultivated land, fallow agricultural land, pastureland, or land set aside for conservation (de la Torre Ugarte et al., 2007). These land use changes could substantially increase total agricultural land in production and nutrient applications, because many of these lands are not currently intensively managed with fertilizer (Robertson et al., 2010; Perlack and Stokes, 2011; Demissie, Yan, and Wu, 2012). On the other hand, conversion of crop land to switchgrass production could reduce nutrient applications given that switchgrass requires less fertilizer than many of the crops presently grown in the southeastern US (de Koff and Tyler, 2011). Thus, changes in agricultural land use and concomitant changes in fertilizer applications could engender significant changes in the level and spatial pattern of the runoff of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) into local and regional surface stream and river systems. Excess N and P in hydrologic systems may cause eutrophication leading to algae blooms, reductions in species diversity, and diminished recreational enjoyment and ascetic appeal (Donner, Kucharik, and Foley, 2004; Costello et al., 2009). Extreme cases of eutrophication cause hypoxia, a condition whereby dissolved oxygen levels impair aquatic life (Costello et al., 2009). Policy goals and the political will to implement them, the natural distribution of land suitable for biomass production, production costs, energy prices, and the site selection activity of cellulosic ethanol production facilities will drive changes in land use and eventually water quality. However, it remains unclear what industrial geography will emerge, how the distribution of cellulosic refineries will impact land use change through backward linkages to feedstock

Pathogen transmission through wildlife trade has become a significant One Health issue, but businesses involved in trade can take actions to minimize pathogen spread within and beyond trade networks. Such actions could include an industry‐led clean‐trade certification program whereby retailer costs for enhanced biosecurity and disease‐free product certification are offset by increased prices to consumers. However, we currently know little about the demand for, and value of such a program to consumers. With the case of pet amphibian owners in the United States, we assessed what characteristics make people more likely to demand certified wild animals and how much more in price premium they are willing to pay for such animals. Findings suggested that the demand for pathogen‐free amphibians was driven by the perceived risk of pathogen spillover to wild populations, behavioral control in preventing transmission, and other characteristics related to pet ownership and demographics. On average, respondents were willing to pay $38.65 per animal more for certified pathogen‐free amphibians than non‐certified amphibians. Findings lend support for the viability of an industry‐led clean‐trade program aimed at enhancing animal well‐being, increasing customer satisfaction, and reducing the risk of pathogen transmission within and beyond the pet trade network.

Summary The anthropogenic spread of disease from captive to wild amphibian populations (referred to as spillover) is linked to global amphibian declines. Disinfecting procedures and protocols exist to mitigate pathogen transmission to and within natural areas, but understanding of visitor attitudes and behaviour regarding their adoption is limited. We surveyed visitors in two natural areas in a global amphibian biodiversity hotspot to assess their attitudes regarding pathogen spread in such areas and analysed the factors influencing their behavioural intentions to take specific actions to prevent pathogen spillover. Visitors’ willingness to take action was influenced by their attitudes, behavioural control and trust in wildlife/land managers, whereas socio-demographic characteristics were less influential. These findings help us to understand visitor behaviour with respect to amphibian biosecurity in natural areas and inform enhanced biosecurity measures and strategic messaging to reduce pathogen spillover.