Although laparoscopic renal surgery dates to almost 30 years ago, in which the first laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 1990, the history of laparoscopy extends back over 100 years, when laparoscopy was first performed on dogs. Over the last 30 years, laparoscopic renal surgery has seen many advancements in technology and technique. With the introduction of robotics and new instruments, renal surgery is becoming increasingly less invasive, and patients are having improved operative outcomes. As new technology develops, the envelope will continue to be pushed by urologists with the hope of improvement of patient outcomes and satisfaction.

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cystoscopy with clot evacuation. After adjusting for other factors, age and prior diagnosis of diabetes were not significantly associated with any complication. Patients treated in a rural setting were more likely to have all forms of complications compared to patients treated in a metropolitan area (p value <0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Despite claims of minimal risk with transperineal prostate biopsy, complications of infection, urinary retention and bleeding occur. Future studies will assess the impact on biopsy approach and antibiotic management on these outcomes.

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