BACKGROUND-Methadone, a full mu-opioid agonist, is the recommended treatment for opioid dependence during pregnancy. However, prenatal exposure to methadone is associated with a neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) characterized by central nervous system hyperirritability and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which often requires medication and extended hospitalization. Buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid agonist, is an alternative treatment for opioid dependence but has not been extensively studied in pregnancy.

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A list of 19 therapist intentions was developed through several stages and then examined in two studies. In Study 1 use of intentions was examined in 20 sessions of time-limited therapy. Across treatment decreases occurred in the following intentions: "set limits," "get information," "support," "clarify," "hope," and "cathart"; increases occurred in "insight," "change," and "reinforce change." Within sessions there were decreases in "get information," "clarify," and "cathart." Associations were found between intentions and therapist and client response modes. In Study 2 the list was used by 42 experienced therapists. In a multivariate analysis of variance, 7 of the 19 intentions predicted differential ratings of theoretical orientations. Univariate correlations found that "feelings" and "insight" were related to psychoanalytic ratings; "change," "reinforce change," and "set limits" were related to behavioral ratings; and "therapist needs" was related to humanistic ratings. Within sessions therapists from all orientations followed a similar pattern of decreases in "clarify" and "get information" and increases in "cathart," "insight," and "change." Further, therapist-rated quality of sessions was related to more "focus" and "feelings" and less "get information" and "support." Across both studies, the most frequently cited intentions were "insight," "clarify," "feelings," and "change"; thus, the Intentions List is an empirically based, pantheoretical measure of therapists' cognitive behavior.

We examined therapist response modes in 127 sessions of eight cases of brief psychotherapy with experienced therapists and anxious-depressed clients. Response modes had a significant effect on immediate outcome, with self-disclosure, interpretation, approval, and paraphrase being the most helpful response modes. Therapist response modes were then examined in conjunction with therapist intentions and client experiencing in the previous speaking turn, both of which accounted for more of the variance in immediate outcome than did response modes. Large individual differences were found in frequency of use and effectiveness of the response modes for different clients.

Objectives-To develop a multi-dimensional model that might explain college suicide ideation.Methods-Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1,249 first-year college students.Results-An estimated 6% wt of first-year students at this university had current suicide ideation. Depressive symptoms, low social support, affective dysregulation, and father-child conflict were each independently associated with suicide ideation. Only 40% wt of individuals with suicide ideation were classified as depressed according to standard criteria. In the group who reported low levels of depressive symptoms, low social support and affective dysregulation were important predictors of suicide ideation. Alcohol use disorder was also independently associated with suicide ideation, while parental conflict was not.Conclusions-Results highlight potential targets for early intervention among college students.