SUPPLEMENTAEY REPORTS 435 experiment. Differences demonstrated between the groups in these relationships are important in that an E using one or the other group could come to different conclusions from the results obtained from the same operation. The complex effect of the age variables in this study demonstrates the limitation of any general statement about the role of age in the reinforcing effect of sensory stimulation.

No abstract

A number of studies suggest that therapist-client similarity is an important factor in client continuation in therapy and outcome (Carson & Heine, 1962;Heine & Trosman, 1960;Overall & Aaronson, 1963).Of particular interest is the series of studies by Carson (1967), McNair, Callahan, and Lorr (1962), and Whitehorn and Betz (1960 which tend to indicate that positive client outcome is related to therapist-client social class similarity. The existence of this relationship has been implied but not tested directly since therapist social class variability has not been examined. For example, McNair, Callahan, and Lorr (1962) speculated that the success of the "B" therapists with outpatients might have been related to the fact that the majority of their patients were from the lower or lowermiddle class and that "B" therapists generally are characterized by interests in skilled labor and technical activities.Studies dealing more directly with lower class clients' behavior in psychotherapy indicate that although such client dropout rate is usually excessively high, special training which enables therapists to behave in ways similar to the expecta-

First psychotherapy interviews of 56 professional and graduate student therapists were rated on empathy, positive regard, genuineness, and concreteness. On the basis of the notion of at least minimally fadlitative conditions being necessary for client improvement, 13 therapists were designated as high-and 43 as low-facilitative therapists. Major findings were: (a) High-and lowfacilitative graduate students differed significantly over time in their use of confrontations which focused on the ongoing therapist-client relationship; (6) high-and low-facilitative professionals differed significantly over time in their use of the same type of confrontation as well as confrontations which focused on client resources. In addition, they tended to differ significantly on confrontations which pressed for client action.

Ist-interview tape recordings of 13 high-and 43 low-functioning therapists were studied in terms of level of patient depth of self-exploration as well as type and frequency of therapist-initiated confrontation. It was found that, although neither high nor low therapists were influenced by the level of patient self-exploration, the type and frequency of confrontations were employed differentially by the 2 groups of therapists. It was also found that low-level therapists had a much greater proportion of low self-exploring patients than did high-level therapists.There is now considerable evidence that finding, they also reported that level of therapists may be divided into high-and low-functioning groups (