Three case studies were used to examine the economic impacts of Washington's (USA) new forest practices regulations on small, non-industrial private forests (NIPF) landwoners. This study focuses on the potential range and disparity of impacts between individual landowners with more specificity on cost and management treatments. This study also seeks to reveal best management strategies for small landowners in light of the new rules, and it also assesses the effectiveness of impact mitigation programmes. The case studies presented indicated that there was a significant potential for economic losses for small, NIPF landowners under the Forests and Fish rule. The case studies also indicated that there was a substantial disparity of losses between individual landowners. The magnitude and disparity of these losses may be reduced by managing in the riparian zone to the full extent allowed under the rules, though most NIPF landowners so far have chosen not to.

Riparian management is an important consideration for sustainable wood production in the Pacific Northwest. Western Washington and Oregon have similar riparian management issues but different regulatory prescriptions. Application of these prescriptions to a sample of 10 small private ownerships illustrate some of the economic differences of each state's approach. Economic costs tend to be higher in Washington but can be significant in both states. Lower cost strategies through alternate plans may be important for protecting riparian habitat while ensuring the long-term economic viability of forestry in the region.

Landscape urbanization and fragmentation, spread of invasive pests, biodiversity loss, social value changes, and loss of manufacturing infrastructure are some of the changing ecological, economic and environmental framework conditions facing small-scale forest owners in northwest Washington State, USA. To successfully adapt to these changes, landowners’ knowledge framework must change. Washington State University Extension has been offering comprehensive, multi-week training courses for small-scale forest owners. From 2008 - 2013, participants were surveyed at the conclusion of the training, one year following the training, and again at three years following the training. These follow-up surveys demonstrate a progression from knowledge change to behaviour (management) change and, ultimately, to condition change. Condition changes included increased wildlife diversity, decreased invasive species cover, and increased economic sustainability. The results demonstrate that changing a landowner’s knowledge framework through education is a highlyeffective approach for helping them successfully adapt to changing external framework conditions.

FOR-183, a 9-page fact sheet by Michael Andreu, Kevin Zobrist, and Thomas Hinckley, reviews the literature to identify a spectrum of practices that support increased biodiversity in intensively managed loblolly pine plantations. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, March 2008. Minor revision April 2017.