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Activation of nucleic acid sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in B cells is involved in antiviral responses by promoting B cell activation and germinal center responses. In order to take the advantage of this natural pathway for vaccine development, synthetic pathogen-like antigens (PLA) constructed of multivalent antigens with encapsulated TLR ligands can be used to to activate B cell antigen receptors and TLRs in a synergistic manner. Here we report a PLA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate designed by combining a phage-derived virus-like particle carrying bacterial RNA as TLR ligands with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 S protein as the target antigen. This PLA-based vaccine candidate induced robust neutralizing antibodies in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Using a NHP infection model we demonstrated that the viral clearance was accelerated in vaccinated animals. In addition, the PLA-based vaccine induced Th1 oriented response and a durable memory, supporting its potential for further clinic development.