The introduction of Balanced Score Card (BSC) as one of the management accounting tool to measure the performance of companies in both aspect of financial and non-financial position has been predominantly used since 1992 and had resulted positive energies for the profit making companies. Hence, the extension of the BSC is also required to help the social business organisation in delivering their multiple bottom lines in the most effective ways and provide organisations a mechanism to track their performance holistically through both quantitative and qualitative information. The growing of Islamic Philanthropy Institutions (IPI) especially in Malaysia with the objective to promote social development based on the charitable activities has been acknowledged by the society. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainability of these institutions, a proper measurement system is required to ensure the final goal of the institutions is achievable and successful. Thus, the objective of this paper is to formulate the main indicators and variables that are suitable to measure the IPIs based on BSC system in four main perspectives which are financial perspective, stakeholder's perspective, internal process perspective and learning and growth perspective. The uniqueness of the establishment of IPIs would require different indicators and variables which are more appropriate as compared with the profit sector organisations. The outcome of this study could provide clear picture and guidelines in designing a proper performance measurement system to be implemented by current IPIs in Malaysia in order to maintain the sustainability and competitiveness of this institutions in future.

Other than debt financing, Initial Public Offerings (IPO) become a common method of capital raising among firms for various purposes. Prospectus is issued on the pre-issuance of the IPO disclosing various mandatory and non-mandatory voluntary information to help the potential investors in their decision making process. Other than financial information on previous and forecasted future performance, the intended use of the IPO's proceeds information is one of the crucial information for the stakeholders especially the investors as they will be the financial contributor for the purposes. In one hand, the issuers may decide to issue highly priced IPO to fulfil their financial needs and other going-public motives. In the other hand, the investors willing to subscribe for the IPO to meet their investment target. The gap between the objectives of these two main stakeholders create uncertainties that may jeopardize the interest of the investors. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the intended uses of the IPO's proceed disclosed in the prospectus and their subsequent performance of the stocks. The result of the study can provide input for the investors and other stakeholders for their decision making process to meet their respective objectives.

Islamic philanthropy in Malaysian education system has been well rooted in religion-based traditional educational institutions. Currently, Waqf and Endowment (WAE) grow rapidly at higher education institutions as an income generation and a long-term financial sustainability initiative. The initiative is as a result of budget cut by 20 percent for public universities since 2016 and 2017 but no raise in fee is allowed. This initiative is in line to recommendation in the University Transformation Programme (UniTP), Purple Book shift No 5, the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education). Being a non-profit organization, the performance of WAE in Malaysian public universities is expected to be different as compared to commercial entities. The importance of having WAE performance measurement may include the economy, effectiveness and efficiency aspects of its activities towards the intended objectives. The method of the study is based on documents review on performance although the literatures on WAE performance measurement in higher education institution is still lacking. As such, the need to develop a holistic model that covers both aspect of performance measurement and good governance are required consistent with the vision of establishment of WAE to act as one of a perpetual financial source for universities. Hence, this research aimed to propose Waqf Performance Measurement and Governance Model used to evaluate WAE's reliability and performance in Malaysian public universities. Future research is required to test and verify this model on the initial sample from waqf institutes in public universities. The expected finding of this study is this model can become as a main reference in measuring the performance of WAE in Malaysian public universities embedded with good governance principles, that could result the positive implications in strengthening the WAE's credibility and stakeholder confidence for universities financial sustainability.

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of income inequality on household debt by applying the dynamic GMM estimator to a database covering advanced and emerging countries over the period 1994 to 2019. The result shows that income inequality promotes the growth of household debt. Furthermore, higher house prices and financial development increase the household debt. Meanwhile, the economic growth, interest rate and unemployment have negative and significant effect on household debt. The finding of the study suggests the involved authorities formulate suitable policies and initiatives in order to monitor the increase in household debt. Indirectly, this measure can be useful to consider as an early warning signal for crises.

As part of requirement to complete the continuous assessment for subjects in universities, students are assigned with a problem-based learning in the form of a research assignments to be completed within a certain period of time. These assignments are usually in the form of final year projects or write-up based on certain requirements set by their lecturers. For Accounting undergraduates in MARA University of Technology, Malacca campus who took Advanced Auditing as their core subject, they are normally assigned to prepare a write up based on the content analysis of the Annual report of companies or a site visit to companies. However, during Covid-19 pandemic, classes are conducted via online, thus, students have restricted access to companies. Therefore, as part of an action research, a team of audit lecturers have decided to assign students with online research project as their assignment. Students were divided into groups of four to five people and instructed to conduct research on areas related to current audit issues. This study was performed to elicit feedback on those accounting students who were assigned to conduct the research project for their Auditing subject. A total of 222 students from the Faculty of Accountancy in UiTM Malacca participated in this online survey. The findings provide feedback from the student point of view, which is part of the stakeholders to the university. Majority of the students agreed that the research project has enriched their knowledge and exposed them to the new skill of performing simple research. Such feedback is crucial to improve the quality of future assignments besides ensuring them gaining new knowledge throughout the assignment exercise.