This study investigates the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions among ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) during the period from 1995 to 2014. The variables used are trade openness, carbon dioxide emissions, gross domestic product, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment. Methodologies applied in this study are Panel Unit Root test, Pedroni Co-integration test, and Panel Granger Causality. The results of this study show there is a long-run relationship between the variables in ASEAN-5 countries. The results further show there is a bidirectional causal relationship between carbon dioxide, economic growth, and energy consumption in the short-run. The results of this study imply that ASEAN policy makers should focus on the implementation of carbon tariff and promote the energy efficiency usage.

This study aims investigate the short-and long-run causal relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in Libya over the study period of 1990 -2017. This study employs Johansen co-integration test, the error correction model (VECM), and Wald test to meet the objective of the study. The variables utilised in this study are gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, exports and imports; the data is extracted from various sources such as the Libyan Central Bank and Libyan Ministry of Planning. The results of this study indicate there is a long-run relationship between the foreign trade and economic growth in Libya. In this vein, there is a short-run causality running from exports and imports toward economic growth.