The absence of specific goals, functions, integrity and a clear chain of command in the maritime transport system organizational structure (OS) in the Arab world may lead to creating trade tensions, increasing export restrictions, increasing economic and social costs, and other obstacles that impede the achievement of the strategic goal of maritime transport. This research aims to propose an integrated organizational structure that shows the relations and dependencies of all elements in the maritime transport system and the ports authorities, which helps in creating a stronger internal organizational environment. The proposed OSs are meant to improve maritime activities such as shipbuilding and ship scrapping, and to increase coordination and integration between the maritime transport sector and the authority for maritime safety through identifying the role of each entity within the proposed OSs. It is an exploratory multiple case study research, where a qualitative research method is conducted using interviews. The research approach has taken the following steps: (1) 47 world maritime transport organizational structures (MTOSs) that are selected and criticized according to six criteria; (2) data and information of 47 MTOSs were collected using documentation from official websites of governments;(3) the characteristics and challenges facing current MTOSs are identified; (4) the proposed MTOSs are projected; (5) purposive expert sampling technique is used for the validation of the proposed MTOSs and POS through the conduction of semi structured and unstructured interviews; (6) the proposed model is readjusted and implemented in Egypt according to the experts' feedback; and (7) external and internal validity were also tested to ensure that generalizability of the research is shown within its scope.

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In supply chain context, cargo are handled along the chain by a number of entities with varying responsibilities, including aircraft operators, express carriers, postal operators, regulated agents, consignors, consignees and ground handlers. Air cargo transport enables nations, regardless of their geographic location, to efficiently connect to distant markets and global supply chains in a speedy and reliable manner. This is vital for implementing best international business practices, including just-in-time inventory management and build-to-order production. The provision of required service level by customers is influenced by distributing products at the right time, to the right place and in the right condition. Hence, the delivery drone presents a viable option to support the initiative of maintaining service levels while reducing cost. For this purpose, this paper aims to design an Unmanned Air Vehicle (GEUAV) for delivery purposes in supply chains (SCs) in Egypt, using a green energy source. One of the main findings is current Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) cannot meet the supply chain requirements of fast dynamic response time, high peak power, low cost, and robustness. The hybrid the fuel cells with an auxiliary energy source, like Li-Ion batteries, is recommended to increase the overall energy efficiency of the Electronic Unmanned Air Vehicle (EUAV) supply system. Also, many green energy sources, such as solar and fuel cells, are available, and each has its advantages and disadvantages. Based on the requirements and limitations of air supply applications, fuel cells, and solar cells are recommended as primary sources of power for aircraft engines. On the other hand, GEUAV is more efficient delivery mode for distribution purposes in the supply chain.

This paper investigates perspectives and trends in the outsourcing of logistics functions by Nigerian oil and gas firms in order to further comprehend the impact of deploying 3PLs on performance, particularly with regard to cost-savings and user-firm"s satisfaction. The research participants are mainly top management staff consisting of managers and supervisors in charge of areas of logistics, supply chain and procurement. A total of seven ( 7) oil and gas firms listed in the directory of oil companies in Nigeria took part in the study. The study adopted a quantitative approach, gathering data through the administration of an online questionnaire survey, and resultant data consequently analysed. Findings show that oil companies in Nigeria mainly outsource in order gain cost-savings (through price-reduction) in procuring logistics operations, financial stability and opportunity to use the expertise and skills of 3PLs. Results indicate that outsourcing of logistics has a significant impact on overall firm"s performance, with particular relation to the level of improved productivity, organisational effectiveness and acquisition of new customers. However, given hesitation by some stakeholders, 3PLs in the Nigerian market are expected to improve upon their current services in order to attract more patronage. On the whole, firms outsourcing services showed optimism that using 3PLs will continue to generate a positive impact on the performance of their organisations.