Faced with the challenges of understanding the source code of a program, software developers are assisted by a wealth of software visualization research. This work explores how visualization can be supplemented by sonification as a cognitive tool for code comprehension. By engaging the programmer's auditory senses, sonification can improve the utility of program comprehension tools. This paper reports on our experiences of creating and evaluating a program comprehension prototype tool that employs sonification to assist program understanding by rendering sonic cues. Our empirical evaluation of the efficacy of information sonification indicates that this cognitive aid can effectively complement visualization when trying to understand an unfamiliar code base. Based on our experiences, we then propose a set of guidelines for the design of a new generation of tools that increase their information utility by combining visualization and sonification.

The automatic liquid filling system is used in different applications such as production of detergents, liquid soaps, fruit juices, milk products, bottled water, etc. The automatic bottle filling system is highly expensive. Where, the common filling systems required to complex changes in hardware and software in order to modify volume of liquid. There are many important variables in the filling process such as volume of liquid, the filling time, etc. This paper presents a new approach to develop an automatic liquid filling system. The new proposed system consists of a conveyor subsystem, filling stations, and camera to detect the level of the liquid at any instant during the filling process. The camera can detect accurately the level of liquid based on the imaging process technique (Edge Detection Approach). In order to achieve the aim of this work, Arduino board is used as the controller unit in the automatic operation of developed filling system. The developed automatic liquid filling system is designed to be not expensive compared to the other available filling systems on the markets. The system is also easy to operate and user-friendly,where only simple steps are required to operate the filling system or modify the working condition.It was found, based on results, that the Prewitt edge detection is the optimal method that should be applied to obtain high accuracy of results and quick response of developed system.

Purpose This study aims to establish a new system to predict the defect liability phase (DLP) cost using the Six Sigma methodology, which investigates sources of variations and reduces the error level to 3.4 per million through five phases: define, measure, analyze, design and verify. Design/methodology/approach After the initial handover of the construction project, the DLP follows the practical completion. During this stage, the contractor is responsible for the remedy of any defects that appeared in the project. Many researchers have studied defect reasons and their associated costs in different industries, while the construction industry remains a green field for this kind of research. The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict the DLP cost. The research methodology adopted the five stages of the Six Sigma cycle: defining objectives, measuring the data, analyzing performance, designing the model and verifying the results. Twenty factors were identified as potential factors affecting the DLP cost. Factors were categorized into two main clusters: project data and organization data. Interviews were conducted with 42 project management experts, who have 8–35 years of experience in construction project management, to rank the 20 factors based on their importance. Simo’s procedure was used to obtain the weight of each factor affecting the DLP cost based on the opinions of the experts. The Pareto principle was used to select the “Vital Few” factors affecting the DLP cost, and six factors were selected. The design of experiments (DOE) was used to establish a dynamic model to predict the DLP cost using a sample of 41 construction projects obtained from the above-mentioned 42 project management experts. The model accuracy was verified using data obtained from a different sample of five construction projects, which were not used to establish the model. Findings The results showed that among the 20 factors, only six were found to have a cumulative impact of 50% over the cost of the DLP: type of project, project contract value, nationality of the employer, project manager experience, DLP duration and sector of the employer. A model was established through the DOE to predict the DLP cost using the values of the aforementioned factors. Research limitations/implications As a natural limitation of using DOE, the newly developed model can be applied to predict the DLP cost based on data within the range of data used during the model development, which means that model is confined within the specific measured values of factors. Furthermore, it will be beneficial for future studies to study the impact of other factors related to the types of materials or equipment used in building the project because it was not considered during this study because of the huge diversities in these factors and difficulties in determining its impact on the DLP cost. Practical implications The unique results of using DOE through Minitab software facilitated obtaining of a dynamic model, which means that researchers can modify any value of the six factors and monitor instantly the expected change in the DLP cost, which will allow a better understanding of the impact of each factor on the DLP cost. Moreover, the new model will help contractors to predict the expected DLP cost to be added for their project budget, which will mitigate the risk of cost overrun resulted from the cost of defect rectification. Originality/value A dynamic model was established to predict the DLP cost using the DOE. The new model was validated, and the prediction error ranged from −18% to +21%.

Dead-legs are potentially the most critical components within a piping system to assess against corrosion degradation. The root cause of the issue relates to fluid being stagnant inside a dead-leg and separated from the main flow stream which in turn creates the condition prone to activate certain corrosion mechanism such as under deposit attack, etc. API RP 570[8] requires inspection to be carried out at these sub-components however still not very clear on how the corrosion rate may be different to the main line. When carrying out Risk-Based inspection as per API RP 581[1], the damage factor as the index for likelihood of failure is tripled if a very comprehensive inspection has not been carried out on a deadleg. Nerveless it is understandable that a universal methodology cannot be implemented due to the large variation of product (and consequently corrosion rate) within the piping system across all process plants using API documents as their assessment guideline. To overcome this issue, ADMA OPCO together with TWI have developed a guideline document (GDL-059[6]) to address specific requirements to identify and assess deadlegs within ADMA OPCO offshore and on-shore process piping. GDL-059[6] provides recommendations on how to identify a deadleg, and once it is identified, how to gather the information required for further assessment. As it is neither practical nor economical to carry out a comprehensive inspection at each deadleg within short time interval, recommendations are also provided on how to evaluate a relative corrosion rate of a deadleg to its parent piping system. Contributing factors to the higher corrosion rate at deadlegs such as dimensions and orientation of the deadleg together with the nature and velocity of the flow were examined using qualitative and quantitative approach. Recommended values of relative corrosion rates are provided and a decision making process is given in-line with API RP and API RP philosophy.

This work is devoted to demonstrate the most important keys to interface the design and implementation of radar systems with industrial considerations to achieve a competitive radar product. The investigation is focusing on the industrial design ideas for radar systems by formulating the advanced design concepts, system engineering design requirements and disciplinary perspective for radar production. Industrial design is synergic the industrial society, which makes originally isolated disciplines contact and interact each other to form an organic unity. It implements science, technology and creative art together. Science and technology objectively reveal the laws of nature and creative art dynamically. It doesn't only seek for unity of radar subsystems but also interested in product coordinate, human resources and environment. The implementation of the approach is demonstrated through systems engineering design rules for all radar system disciplines including, electronics, microwave, antenna, computer, digital signal processing and electrical power engineering.