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The histopathological diagnosis of early MF lesions and their discrimination from inflammatory simulators can be achieved by carefully observing the hyperconvoluted dermal and epidermal lymphocytes along with the constellation of the other parameters.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus which is endemic to certain regions of the world and infects around 10-20 million people. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1 associated neurological disorders including mainly HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paraparesis. The involvement of the central nervous diseases occurs among: HTLV-1 infected patients from endemic areas, HIV positive individuals and drug users. The ability of HTLV-1 to cause associated neuropathies starts with the virus crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB), then entering and infecting the cells of the central nervous system. As a consequence, to the viral attack, HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes produce pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6 which further disrupts the BBB. Different serological tests have been used in the diagnosis of HTLV-1. These include: ELISA, Western Blotting (WB), Immunofluorescence, Particle Agglutination and Polymerase Chain Reaction which is used as a confirmatory test. Danazol, pentoxifylline, azathioprine and vitamin C have been used in the treatment of the HTLV-1 associated neurological disorders. Other antiviral drugs (lamivudine, zidovudine), monoclonal antibodies (Daclizumab) and therapeutic agents (valporic acid, interferons) have also been evaluated. No known drug, so far, has been shown to be efficacious. The aim of this review is to present the complexities of HTLV-1 associated neurological disorders and their current ongoing treatment. In addition to discussing future possible therapeutic strategies, by targeting HTVL-1 viral components and gene/s products, for the treatment of those neurological conditions.

A number of dipteran fly species are found in Jeddah with public health and veterinary importance due to their association with myiasis of livestock and humans. Although several reports are available on the myiasis causing flies from different parts of Saudi Arabia very little is known available on prevalence and characterization of these flies from Jeddah Province, which include the major harbour on the Red Sea, western Saudi Arabia and acts the gateway for millions of live animals in the kingdom. Therefore to fill this knowledge gap, the objective of this work is to fill up this gap. For fly survey, the adult flies were collected by the means of Malaise & Bait traps, Yellow traps and sweeping nets from different marked locations including slaughter houses and live animals farms ( Fig.1). The total number of flies from each locality was counted and were sorted for taxonomic species identification using specific pictorial keys.In this study, ten dipteran fly species belonging to six families were identified as causing myiasis on the basis of reported cases in Saudi Arabia. The flies collected during the survey were Megaselia scelaris, Musca domestica, Fanniia canicularis, Sarcophaga haemorrhidalis (Bercaea cruentata); Parasarcophaga ruficarnis, Wohlfahrtia nuba , Chrysomya marginalis C. albicep, C. megacephala, and Oesteris ovis. Among collected flies the highest number were of Musca domestica (67.6%) and the rest were other species. Most of the species were collected from slaughter houses (50%) followed by animal farms (39%). The present study identified a number species of myiasis-causing flies of the public health and veterinary significance, which should inform wider studies on their seasonal abundance, significance and consequent implementation of preventive control measures.

Order Diptera of class insecta is of immense importance for the public and animal health and hygiene. Many dipteran flies are potential vectors of dreadful diseases. Therefore, it is required to have a simple characterization method and identification key for the field workers and entomologists. The present study fulfill the need and focus on the identification to generate a base line data with the help of original photographs. Nine families with 16 species of dipteran flies (other than mosquitoes) from Jeddah region of Saudi Arabia are included in this work. Major families which are more prevalent and common in this region are Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Phoridae.