The number of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears is rapidly increasing. In patients who wish to return to their preoperative level of function, specifically as it pertains to participation in sports, the gold standard of treatment following an ACL tear remains an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Despite a majority of good/excellent results following primary ACL reconstruction, there is a growing subset of patients with persistent or recurrent functional instability who require revision ACL reconstruction. Preoperative planning for revision ACL reconstruction requires a careful understanding of the root cause of ACL failure, including possible technical causes of primary ACL failure and the presence of combined knee pathology that was not addressed at the index ACL reconstruction. The decision to perform 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction is multifactorial and is reached by technical considerations that may make a 1-stage revision less optimal, including tunnel widening, arthrofibrosis, active infection, and others. Concomitant knee pathology such as meniscal deficiency, malalignment (including an increase in posterior tibial slope), chondral lesions, and other ligamentous laxity may also require a staged approach to treatment. This evidence-based review covers the indications for 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction, surgical techniques, evidence for and technique of bone grafting prior ACL tunnels, and outcomes of 2-stage revision stratified by initial cause of ACL reconstruction failure. With proper preoperative planning and an understanding of the cause of failure following the primary ACL reconstruction, revision ACL reconstruction can offer excellent outcomes in the motivated patient. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(3):e456-e464.].

Background: Quinsy (also known as Peritonsillar abscess) can be defined as pus collection in peritonsillar space (between superior constrictor muscle of pharynx and lateral surface of tonsil). It is a common complication of tonsillitis. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive, prospective study.  It was carried out on 27 consecutive patients which were treated for Quinsy from September 2016 to August 2018. All of the patients were hospitalized. Peritonsillar abscess was treated with aspiration of pus by wide bore needle followed by Antibiotics and short dose of steroid. Results: 74 % of patients were found to have previous history of recurrent tonsillitis. 56 percent of patients were already receiving antibiotics at the time of presentation. Mean hospital stay was two days. None of the patients required incision drainage.  Recurrence was seen in only 3 patients. Conclusion: Needle-aspiration at the most prominent (bulging) part of the peritonsillar region followed by intravenous antibiotics and steroids is an effective treatment protocol. We also suggest further controlled studies on larger number of patients to establish its efficacy and safety.

Background: The COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019) outbreak due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious disease intimidating the world. The COVID-19 common symptoms include cough, fever, malaise, dyspnea, myalgia and gastrointestinal disturbances. The loss of smell and taste has also been reported among patients with COVID-19. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence and duration of loss of smell and taste among COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study in which 150 COVID-19 patients were included. The enrolled patients answered a questionnaire at 14th (or more) days after confirmed infection. The patients’ responses were received online on data form and entered into computer software SPSS version 22.0. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and data was presented in tables and figures. Results: Out of 150 patients, 48.0% were 20-30 years old and 56.0% were male. Majority (82.0%) of patients experienced loss of smell and taste during COVID-19. 57.0% patients had lost smell and taste sense completely. 52.0% patients experienced smell and taste issues after other symptoms of COVID-19. Among 43.9% patients, the duration of these issues was more than 10 days. There were 30.1% patients who used any medicine or local remedy for COVID-19 treatment. Conclusion: Study concluded that loss of smell and taste was prevalent among patients with COVID-19 while duration was more than 10 days for most of the patients.