Environmental pollution, such as air, water, and soil pollution, has become the most serious issue. Soil pollution is a major concern as it generally affects the lands and makes them non-fertile. The main cause of soil pollution is agro-waste. It may be possible to mitigate the agro-waste pollution by re-utilizing this agro-waste, namely natural fibres (NFs), by blending into polymer-based material to reinforce the polymer composite. However, there are pros and cons to this approach. Consequently, the polymer composite materials fabricated using NFs are inferior to those polymer composites that are reinforced by, e.g., carbon or glass fibres from the mechanical properties’ perspectives. The limitations of utilizing natural fibres in polymer matrix are their high moisture absorption, resulting in high swelling rate and degradation, inferior resistance to fire and chemical, and inferior mechanical properties. In particular, the NF polymer composites exhibit inferior interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the matrix, which, if improved, ultimately overcome all the listed limitations and improve the mechanical properties of the developed composites. To improve the interfacial adhesion leading to the enhancement of the mechanical properties, optimum chemical treatment such as Alkalization/Mercerization of the fibres have been explored. This article discusses the Mercerization/Alkali surface treatment method for NFs and its effects on the fibres regarding the Mercerization/Alkali surface treatment method for NFs and its effect on the fibres regarding their utilization in the polymer composites, the morphological features, and mechanical properties of composites.

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Nanocellulose, which is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has emerged as one of the most significant green materials of our time in recent years because of their appealing and exceptional characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, improved mechanical capabilities, renewability, and biocompatibility. The present review mainly covers the effect of different properties of nanocellulose on the mechanical properties of nanocellulose-based multiscale composites. Our review article covers the classification of nanocellulose structures, extraction of Nanocellulose, and mechanical properties of cellulosebased multiscale composites such as tensile, flexural and impact, followed by the applications of nanocellulose-based multiscale fiber reinforced polymer composites. There is a demand in the industry for an efficient alternate material to man-made synthetic materials with superior mechanical properties.Nano cellulose-based multiscale composites can be an efficient alternative to meet sustainability goals without compromising performance.