Olecranon fractures are relatively common in adults. The various fracture patterns differ in their mechanical characteristics and how they might best be treated surgically [4]. Colton [6] developed a classification system of olecranon fractures in 1973. The Colton classification was based on fracture morphology, mechanism of injury, and stability of the ulnohumeral joint. The AO classification was introduced in 1987 as a systematic way to classify long bone fractures based on location of the fracture line and degree of articular comminution [5, 16]. In this system olecranon fractures were grouped with fractures of the radial head and neck. Cabanela and Morrey [5] first introduced the Mayo classification in 1993 to provide a simplified classification of olecranon fractures based on fracture comminution, displacement, and stability of the ulnohumeral joint.

The bony and ligamentous structure of the foot is a complex kinematic interaction, designed to transmit force and motion in an energy-efficient and stable manner. Visible deformity of the foot or atypical patterns of swelling should raise significant concern for foot trauma. In some instances, disruption of either bony structure or supporting ligaments is identified years after injury due to chronic pain in the hindfoot or midfoot. This article will focus on injuries relating to the peritalar complex, the bony articulation between the tibia, talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones, supplemented with multiple ligamentous structures. Attention will be given to the five most common peritalar injuries to illustrate the nature of each and briefly describe methods for achieving the correct diagnosis in the context of acute trauma. This includes subtalar dislocations, chopart joint injuries, talar fractures, navicular fractures, and occult calcaneal fractures.

In patients with stable acute stroke, early CEA is feasible and relatively safe. Stroke or death occurs in only 1%, and most complications are of nonfatal cardiac origin. A standardized stroke team protocol that is inclusive of stroke neurologists and vascular surgeons allows for expeditious and safe CEA in the setting of an acute stroke.

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