Background In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an increased incidence of ROCM was noted in India among those infected with COVID. We determined risk factors for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among those never and ever hospitalized for COVID-19 separately through a multicentric, hospital-based, unmatched case-control study across India. Methods We defined cases and controls as those with and without post-COVID ROCM, respectively. We compared their socio-demographics, co-morbidities, steroid use, glycaemic status, and practices. We calculated crude and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through logistic regression. The covariates with a p-value for crude OR of less than 0·20 were considered for the regression model. Results Among hospitalised, we recruited 267 cases and 256 controls and 116 cases and 231 controls among never hospitalised. Risk factors (AOR; 95% CI) for post-COVID ROCM among the hospitalised were age 45–59 years (2·1; 1·4 to 3·1), having diabetes mellitus (4·9; 3·4 to 7·1), elevated plasma glucose (6·4; 2·4 to 17·2), steroid use (3·2; 2 to 5·2) and frequent nasal washing (4·8; 1·4 to 17). Among those never hospitalised, age ≥ 60 years (6·6; 3·3 to 13·3), having diabetes mellitus (6·7; 3·8 to 11·6), elevated plasma glucose (13·7; 2·2 to 84), steroid use (9·8; 5·8 to 16·6), and cloth facemask use (2·6; 1·5 to 4·5) were associated with increased risk of post-COVID ROCM. Conclusions Hyperglycemia, irrespective of having diabetes mellitus and steroid use, was associated with an increased risk of ROCM independent of COVID-19 hospitalisation. Rational steroid usage and glucose monitoring may reduce the risk of post-COVID.

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Background: advances in medical science has increase the overall survival rate of human being. this applies to neonates who born before their complete development in womb and their increased survival rate lead to increase occurrence rate of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In the struggle of their survival many measures done and one of which is injection of betamethasone to pregnant mother at the time of their premature delivery to develop their lungs and to reduce mortality. Materials and Methods: this is a prospective observational study carried out for 12 months duration.Mother who has been given antenatal betamethasone were included after their consent.Total 54 infants ≤ 32 weeks gestation at birth and babies born at 32 to 34 weeks who were exposed to oxygen support in NICU and babies having birth weight <1750gms were screened at one month of post-natal age.Infants pupils were dilated with short acting standard drops and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination was done,the grading of eyes was being done using International classification of ROP (ICROP). Zone I and zone II with any stage is considered as severe ROP including plus disease.Data were analysed by ttest for quantitative data and 2 test for qualitative data. Results: Out of 54 babies examined over one year, 23 were diagnosed with ROP (any stage) incidence was 42.59%.out of 23 babies stage I ROP was in 33.33%, stage II ROP in 3.70% and stage III in 5.55% and severe ROP that required treatment was 5.55%. Low birth weight was important risk factor .Low gestational age was also a significant risk factor of ROP (p 0.04). Gender was not found as a risk factor for ROP. All babies were prevented from sight threatening complication by timely screening and treatment.Antenatal betamethasone did not show any significant effect on ROP.

Background: Considerable number of cases of firecracker injuries is reported during the festive season of Diwali in India. The purpose of this study is to identify the clinico-epidemiological patterns of ocular injuries caused by firecrackers during this period.Methods: This was a prospective case series of patients attending eye OPD with ocular trauma sustained by Firecrackers during the festive season of Diwali, 2016 in a Tertiary Care Centre in Surat. Demographic data of all the patients and type of firecracker causing injury were noted. Ocular examination of all patients was performed at the time of presentation and on follow-up. Treatment received by the patients was noted.Results: Out of total 20 patients, 85% were male (17 out of 20). Mean age of the patients was 12.15 years and majority of patients (45%) were of 6 to 10 years’ age group. Most patients (85%) sustained injury by Single shot crackers like Bijili crackers and Timing bombs. The injuries reported ranged from Eyelid burns, conjunctival or corneal burns to partial thickness corneal tear and macular scar formation with interventions ranging from ocular wash with saline to repair of partial thickness corneal tear. Many of the injuries were caused because of negligence. Corneal epithelial defect was the most frequent injury (affecting 96% of the total no. of eyes affected) followed by Eyelid burns (affecting 56% of the total no. of eyes affected). Cases having visual impairment or blindness had corneal and/or retinal involvement.Conclusions: Ocular trauma resulting from firecrackers can lead to significant ocular morbidity and permanent blindness and is a preventable cause. All steps must be taken through public awareness and legislation to ensure that firecrackers are used in a safe manner during Diwali celebrations. The medical professionals should be adequately trained to give primary emergency care which has a key role in the visual outcome.

Background: To study the clinical profile of patient undergone small incision cataract surgery. To measure the incidence of CME after manual SICS and phacoemulsification method of cataract extraction.Methods: It`s a hospital based prospective study carried in ophthalmology dept. patients with normal clinical profile with no history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or any ocular trauma or infection/inflammation are randomly selected for cataract surgery either phacoemulsification or manual SICS and were regularly followed till sixth week after cataract surgery. During follow up complete examination including visual acuity, anterior segment examination fundoscopy and FFA done.Results: Out of 115 patients, 59 were operated by phacoemulsification and 56 were operated by manual SICS. 59were operated by phaco, 9 patients lost in follow up. Out of these, 2 patients developed CME. One was operated by phaco and the other by SICS (P value = 1.000) BCVA 6/9 or more after second follow up was seen in 42.45% of phaco patients and 40.56% of SICS patients which is statistically insignificant (P value = 0.343607).Conclusions: With advent of modern cataract surgery, rapid visual rehabilitation and unaided best corrected visual acuity is achieved with negligible early and late postoperative complications and thereby cystoid macular edema.