In this study, we deal with a Distance-Based Registration with Implicit Registration, which is an enhanced scheme of the Distance-Based Registration in mobile-cellular networks. In comparisons with other Location Registration schemes, various studies on the Distance-Based Registration scheme and performance have been performed. However, a real network hierarchy has not been properly reflected in the performance evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration. To accurately evaluate the registration and paging costs of the Distance-Based Registration, a real network hierarchy should reflect that a mobile network is made up of many Visitor Location Register areas. Furthermore, we use an embedded Markov-Chain model in the Visitor Location Register hierarchy, which can reflect not only the Implicit Registration effect of the outgoing calls of user equipment but also cell staying time of the user equipment that may follow a general distribution. Without consideration of the Visitor Location Register, the paging cost decreases due to a small paging area, but the location registration cost rises because of frequent inter Visitor Location Register. The numerical results according to the various conditions show an accurate evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration performance in a real network hierarchy and the general cell staying time. Generally, the total signaling cost will increase when we consider the Visitor Location Register. However, for more appropriate evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration performance, it is necessary to consider the Visitor Location Register hierarchy.

Mobility management is important in mobile cellular networks. In this study, we considered an enhanced location‐based registration (ELR) method. In the ELR method, even when a mobile phone enters a cell to find that the cell is already on its list (of visited cells) and then updates its main counter, it does not remove any cells from the list (memory space permitting), which gives better performance than the location‐based registration (LR) method. However, the location registration cost of the ELR method is still high, and there is a lot of room for improvement with regards to this matter. We now propose an improved version of the ELR method; namely, the improved ELR (iELR). In the iELR method, when a mobile phone enters a cell to find that the cell counter value is less than the main counter value, or when a mobile phone enters a cell to register its location, it updates the main counter and the cell counter values as much as possible to reduce the future need for registrations. We show that our proposed iELR method provides better performance than the ELR method.

Objective: To identify and describe research tools used to evaluate bonding between mother and child up to one year of age, as well as to provide information on reliability and validity measures related to these tools. Data source: Research studies available on PUBMED, LILACS, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases with the following descriptors: mother-child relations and mother infant relationship, as well as the expressions validity, reliability and scale. Data synthesis: 23 research studies were selected and fully analyzed. Thirteen evaluation research tools were identified concerning mother and child attachment: seven scales, three questionnaires, two inventories and one observation method. From all tools analyzed, the Prenatal Attachment Inventory presented the higher validity and reliability measures to assess mother and fetus relation during pregnancy. Concerning the puerperal period, better consistency coefficients were found for Maternal Attachment Inventory and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Besides, the last one revealed a higher sensibility to identify amenable and severe disorders in the affective relations between mother and child. Conclusions: The majority of research tools are reliable to study the phenomenon presented, although there are some limitations regarding the construct and criterion related to validity. In addition to this, only two of them are translated into Portuguese and adapted to women and children populations in Brazil, being a decisive gap to scientific production in this area. 258Perrelli JGA et al. PALAVRAS-CHAVERelações mãe-filho; Comportamento materno; Reprodutibilidade dos testes Instrumentos de avaliação do vínculo entre mãe e bebê ResumoObjetivo: Identificar os instrumentos utilizados na avaliação do vínculo entre mãe e bebê com até um ano de vida, descrevê-los e fornecer informações sobre suas medidas de confiabilidade, validade e adaptação para o contexto brasileiro. Fonte de dados: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa realizado com base nas publicações contidas nas bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO e CINAHL. Utilizaram-se os descritores mother-child relations e mother infant relationship, e as expressões validity, reliability e scale. Selecionaram-se 23 pesquisas, que foram lidas em sua integralidade. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 13 instrumentos de avaliação do apego entre mãe e bebê: sete escalas, três questionários, dois inventários e um método de observação. Do total de ferramentas analisadas, o Prenatal Attachment Inventory apresentou maior validade e confiabilidade para analisar a relação entre a mãe e o feto durante a gestação. Quanto ao período puerperal, foram encontrados melhores coeficientes de consistência interna para o Maternal Attachment Inventory e o Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Além disso, esse último revelou elevada sensibilidade para identificar disfunções leves e graves nas relações afetivas entre mãe e bebê. Conclusões: Verificou-se que a maioria dos instrumentos é confiável para estudar...

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