The primary objective of this study was to discover biomarkers which are correlated with hepatotoxicity induced by chemicals using 1 H NMR spectral data of urine. A procedure of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) urinalysis using pattern recognition was proposed for early screening of the hepatotoxicity of CCl 4 , acetaminophen (AAP), and D-galactosamine (GalN) in rats. The hepatotoxic compounds were expected to induce necrosis in hepatocytes. This was confirmed through blood biochemistry and histopathology. CCl 4 (1 ml/kg, po) or GalN (0.8 g/kg, ip) was single administered to Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats and urine was collected every 24 h. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 48 h post-dosing. AAP (2 g/kg, po) was administered for 2 days and then the animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment. NMR spectroscopy revealed evidently different clustering between control groups and hepatotoxicant treatment groups in global metabolic profilings as indicated by partial least square (PLS)-discrimination analysis (DA). In targeted profilings, endogenous metabolites of allantoin, citrate, taurine, 2-oxoglutarate, acetate, lactate, phenylacetyl glycine, succinate, phenylacetate, 1-methylnicotinamide, hippurate, and benzoate were selected as putative biomarkers for hepatoxicity by CCl 4 , AAP, and GalN. Comparison of our rat 1 H NMR PLS-DA data with histopathological changes suggests that 1 H NMR urinalysis can be used to predict hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4 , AAP, and GalN.

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PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of the ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) method in estimating the sulcus-to-sulcus horizontal diameter for Visian Implantable Contact Lens (ICL, model V4) length determination to obtain optimal ICL vault. METHODS: The results of postoperative ICL vaults in 30 eyes of 18 patients were retrospectively analyzed. In 17 eyes, ICL length was determined using the conventional method, and in 13 eyes, ICL length was determined using the UBM method. The UBM method was carried out by measuring the sulcus to limbus distance on each side by 50 MHz UBM and adding the white-to-white diameter by caliper or Orbscan. The ICL vaults were measured using the UBM method at 1 and 6 months postoperatively and the results were compared between the two groups. Ideal ICL vault was defined as vault between 250 and 750 µm. The relation between the ICL vault, footplate location, and ICL power was also investigated. RESULTS: In the UBM method group, ICL vault was within the ideal range in all 13 (100%) eyes at 1 and 6 months postoperatively, whereas in the conventional method group, 10 (58.8%) eyes showed ideal vault at 1 month postoperatively (P=.01) and 9 (52.9%) eyes showed ideal vault at 6 months postoperatively (P<.01). The ideal ICL footplate location was achieved in the ciliary sulcus in 11 (84.6%) eyes of the UBM method group and 10 (64.7%) eyes of the conventional method group. However, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The ICL vault was not significantly affected by the ICL power. CONCLUSIONS: Implantable Contact Lens length determined by the UBM method achieved significantly more ideal ICL vault than that of the conventional white-to-white method. The UBM method is superior to the conventional method in terms of predicting the sulcus-to-sulcus horizontal diameter for ICL length determination. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:362-367.]