PurposeLow vitamin D level is common in adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). We assessed vitamin D level and its associated factors in Korean youth with type 1 DM. MethodsType 1 DM cases (n=85) and healthy controls (n=518) aged <20 years were included and grouped into 3 categories according to vitamin D level: deficiency (<20 ng/mL), insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL), or sufficiency (≥30 ng/mL).ResultsThe mean serum vitamin D level was significantly lower (21.6±8.5 ng/mL vs. 28.0±12.0 ng/mL, P<0.001) and vitamin D deficiency prevalence was significantly higher (48% vs. 26%, P<0.001) in type 1 DM cases than in healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed that type 1 DM cases were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency (P=0.004), independent of sex, age, and body mass index. Type 1 DM cases with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency were mainly diagnosed in winter (November to April) (P=0.005), and the duration of diabetes was longer than in those with vitamin D sufficiency (P=0.046). However, season of diagnosis, duration of diabetes, prescribed daily insulin dose, and glycosylated hemoglobin and C-peptide levels were not associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in type 1 DM cases after adjustment for other factors.ConclusionsWe recommend assessment of serum 25(OH)D level in type 1 DM cases and to treatment if findings indicate insufficiency. Further studies investigating the mechanisms underlying vitamin D deficiency in youth with type 1 DM are needed.

Longer daily sitting time appears to be associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. These findings highlight the need to focus on reducing sitting time for all adolescents, not just for those at risk of obesity.

Neonatal diaphragmatic hemangioma (NDH) with diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis has rare incidence. Hydrops fetalis can be found on prenatal ultrasonography and pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and ascites can be found on postnatal ultrasonography. NDH can be treated with medical, interventional and surgical methods. We report a rare case of NDH which was successfully treated by coil embolization. The patient presented with cardiac tamponade, respiratory distress and abdominal distension are observed after birth due to massive fluid production by diaphragmatic hemangioma. Two times of interventional coil-embolization has made the infant' s symptoms and signs alleviated through decreasing massive fluid collected in pericardial, pleural and abdominal space.

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