The initial BD in pediatric trauma patients except severe brain injury was an independent predictor of mortality and blood transfusion requirement within 24 hours. Mortality and blood transfusion requirement were significantly high when initial BD was less than -8 mEq/L.

PurposeThe objective of this study is to estimate the effect of community-level and individual-level risks on hospitalization of older populations after traffic accidents.MethodThis is a case-control study using two different sets of data were used in this study: Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Surveillance data from 2012 to 2014 as case and Community Health Survey (CHS) data from 2012 to 2014 as control. Variables for individual risks were gender and age. For community risk factors, community rate of traffic accident occurrence at night, at cross-walks and at intersections were used. Multilevel regression models were used to analyze the relationship between community risk factors and injury hospitalization.ResultTotal 3847 patients 65 years or older hospitalized for traffic accidents were defined as cases and 15,932 CHS respondents were defined as controls. Compared with non-hospitalized populations, the odds ratio of male for hospitalization in older population was 0.482 (95% CI 0.445 to 0.521) compared to female and odds ratio for unit change of age was 0.974 (95% CI 0.967 to 0.981). After controlling individual-level variables, community night traffic accident rate showed odds ratio of 1.055 (95% CI 1.021 to 1.09), community rate of cross-walk accident 0.927 (95% CI 0.850 to 1.012) and rate of intersection accident showed 1.021 (95% CI 1.003 to 1.038).ConclusionBoth individual-level and community traffic accidents status influenced the risk for hospitalization of older population. To reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity from traffic accidents in older people, we should look at not also individual risks but also community-based problems. Further studies are needed to establish concrete strategies.

BackgroundBicycle riding is a popular leisure activity worldwide. Compared to other traffic participants such as drivers or motorcycles, bicycle riders are least protected. Even a minor collision or fall can cause serious injuries for bike riders if fall on road. Well-designed bike lanes improve safety for people riding bikes from collision with other vehicles and protect pedestrians.The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of bike lane on hospitalization from bike accident injuries.MethodData from Emergency department based In-depth Injury Surveillance Data collected by Korean CDC was analyzed for patients hospitalized following bike accident. Data from 2013 to 2016 was used in analysis with excluding those without hospital outcome or information on injury incident time. Main exposure was injury place which was categorized in to 3 groups, traffic road, sidewalk and bike lane. Main outcome was hospitalization including hospital death.ResultTotal 26 983 patients visited ED by bike accident. Among them, 10 120 accidents happened at traffic road, 3496 at sidewalk, 4924 at bike lane and 8443 at other places. Among the bike accidents, 19.1% of traffic road accidents, 12.6% of sidewalk accidents and 11.6% of bike lane accidents were admitted. The odds ratio of traffic road accidents for hospitalization in bike drivers were 1.39 (95% CI 1.24–1.55), whereas odds ratio of bike lane accidents for hospitalization was 0.81 (95% CI 0.71–0.93) compared to sidewalk accidents.ConclusionBike lane is safer for bike drivers compared to drive at traffic road or sidewalks. Community based preventions as well as individual preventive strategy to prevent bike accident injuries can be established by constructing bike lanes. Further research including cost-effectiveness study is needed.

BackgroundBicycle riding is a popular leisure activity worldwide, even to older population. On the other hand, it requires delicate sense of balance and quickness of reaction to avoid accidents. Despite the popularity of bicycle, elders need to cautious when riding, especially at night.PurposeThe objective of this study is to investigate effect of time of day on bike accident injuries on old aged population.MethodData from Emergency department based In-depth Injury Surveillance Data collected by Korean CDC were analyzed for patients 65 years or older hospitalized following bike accident during driving. Data from 2013 to 2016 was used in analysis with excluding those without hospital outcome or information on injury incident time. Main exposure was incident time which was categorized in to 4 groups, day time (9 am to 6 pm), dawn (6 am to 9 am), evening (6 pm to 9 pm) and night (9 pm to 6 am). Main outcome was hospitalization including hospital death. Secondary outcome was non-fatal injury excluding hospital deaths from hospitalized patients.ResultTotal 3174 patients visited ED by bike accident. Among them, 1815 accidents happened at day time, 560 at evening, 476 at dawn and 302 at night. From 302 night time accidents, 132 (43.7%) were admitted and from 1815 day time accidents 665 (36.6%) patients were admitted. The odds ratio of night time accident for hospitalization in old age bike drivers were 1.4 (95% CI 1.09–1.79) compared to day time accidents. The odds of night time accidents for non-fatal injuries were 1.40 (95% CI 1.09–1.80).ConclusionNigh time bike driving is more hazardous for old age population. Community based preventions as well as individual preventive strategy to prevent injuries during night time bike riding need to be applied. Further research is needed.