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The ability of MET-PET to reflect the biological nature of gliomas makes it an excellent method for monitoring active tumor tissue, and treatments based on its findings should provide a powerful clinical protocol in the course of glioma therapy.

No abstract

Anodal tDCS to the ipsilesional hemisphere and simultaneous peripheral sensorimotor activities significantly improved swallowing function as assessed by the DOSS.

Synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM) is a synaptic protein, which harbors five or six PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1 (PDZ), a guanylate kinase and two WW domains. It interacts with NMDA receptor subunits, neuroligin and b-catenin, and is involved in the accumulation of neuroligin at excitatory synapses. In this study, we have demonstrated S-SCAM is localized at inhibitory synapses in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons. We have identified b-dystroglycan (b-DG) as a binding partner for S-SCAM at inhibitory synapses. WW domains of S-SCAM bind to three sequences of b-DG. We have also revealed that S-SCAM can interact with neuroligin 2, which is known to be exclusively localized at inhibitory synapses. The WW domains and the second PDZ domain of S-SCAM are involved in the interaction with neuroligin 2. b-DG, neuroligin 2 and S-SCAM form a tripartite complex in vitro. Neuroligin 2 is detected in the immunoprecipitates by anti-b-DG antibody from rat brain. S-SCAM, b-DG and neuroligin 2 are partially co-localized in rat hippocampal neurons. These data suggest that S-SCAM is associated with b-DG and neuroligin 2 at inhibitory synapses, and functions as a linker between the dystrophin glycoprotein complex and the neurexin-neuroligin complex. Keywords: dystroglycan, inhibitory synapse, neuroligin. Abbreviations used: ADH1, alcohol dehydrogenase 1; BHK, baby hamster kidney; BSA, bovine serum albumin; b-DG, b-dystroglycan; DEAE, diethylaminoethyl; Div, day in vitro; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GK, guanylate kinase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; MAGI, membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted organization; MBP, maltose-binding protein; MDCK, Madine-Darby canine kidney; NL2, neuroligin 2; NR1, NMDA receptor subunit 1; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PDZ, PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1; PSD-95, postsynaptic density-95; SAPAP1, Synapse-associated protein 90/PSD-95-associated protein 1; SH3, src homology 3; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; S-SCAM, synaptic scaffolding molecule; VGAT, vesicular GABA transporter; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.